Consideration Under the Contract Law

Question: Examine about the Consideration Under the Contract Law. Answer: Presentation: The issue for this situation is connected with thought under the agreement law. In such manner, the agreement law gives that components like offer, acknowledgment and thought ought to be available for settling on an understanding between the gatherings lawfully enforceable. Anyway for this situation, Jane was going to give his Lotus Super 7 games vehicle to Jack for nothing despite the fact that the market estimation of such a vehicle is around $25,000. Jack has acknowledged the offer made by Jane and along these lines the issue emerges if the gatherings have shaped a legitimately enforceable agreement. To make an agreement substantial, or as it were the enforceable, it is required that among different components, thought ought to likewise be available. Each gathering to the agreement ought to give thought in kind of the guarantee got by it. Past thought isn't treated as acceptable thought (Re McArdle, 1951). For this reason, thought is the advantage that hosts been gotten by the gat herings to the agreement. The law additionally gives that past thought is likewise not a decent thought. As indicated by the law, thought can be anything of significant worth and along these lines it ought to be something genuine and not illusionary (Thomas v Thomas, 1842). Along these lines, an agreement can be enforceable just on the off chance that it is upheld by a substantial thought. In any case, in the current case, the guarantee made by Jane to give his vehicle to Jack for nothing isn't upheld by any thought. Along these lines, it very well may be said that this guarantee can't be implemented by Jack as it isn't bolstered by a legitimate thought. Then again if Jane had made a proposal to sell her Lotus Super 7 games vehicle to Jack at a cost of 25,000 and simultaneously, the cost of such a vehicle in the market is likewise around 21,000, the inquiry emerges if this offer has been acknowledged by Jack, is there a substantial and the enforceable agreement between the gatherings. In such a case, the components that are required for making a substantial agreement like offer, acknowledgment and thought will be available (Atiyah, 1990). Simultaneously, the gatherings have the aim of making a lawful relationship and the gatherings likewise have the ability to contract. For this situation, if the offer made by Jane is acknowledged by Jack, it very well may be said that all the basic components are available. An offer has been made by Jane and it has been acknowledged by Jack. The thought is additionally present for this situation as Jack had acknowledged to address $25,000 as the cost of the vehicle. The law of agreement necessitates that each gathering to the agreement ought to get the advantage and comparatively ought to likewise endure a disservice (White v Bluett, 1853). Along these lines, this advantage or impediment has been called as thought. As for this situation, a substantial thought has been given, it very well may be said that a legitimate agreement is made which can be upheld by the law. Another issue may emerge if Jane makes a proposal to sell the vehicle at a cost of $2500 while as a general rule; the market cost of the vehicle is around $25,000. In this manner it should be thought of if the offer is acknowledged with a money order, is it a legitimate agreement between the gatherings. The issue emerges because of the amazingly low cost of the vehicle when contrasted with its present market esteem. In such cases, it should be noticed that the gatherings have been given the opportunity of agreement and in this way, for the most part the courts don't go into the issue of the ampleness of thought (Beale, 2002). It hosts been surrendered over to the gatherings to choose what ever thought they may consider fit for the guarantee that has been gotten by them. In such manner, it is just necessitated that they ought to be a genuine thought, it ought not be illusionary (Beatson, Burrows and Cartwright, 2010). Thought can be whatever has some an incentive according to law. Hen ceforth it isn't necessitated that the thought ought to likewise be satisfactory in spite of the fact that the deficiency of the thought might be utilized by the court to choose the nearness of unconscionability, power or misrepresentation. Along these lines, the gatherings are allowed to choose any thought inasmuch as it is genuine and substantial thought (Re Wragg Ltd., 1897). For instance in Chappell v Nestle (1960) it was expressed that even the vacant coverings may add up to a substantial thought. Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1959] UKHL 1 is a noteworthy instance of the English agreement law that manages the issue of thought. For this situation, the customary tenet has been affirmed by the House of Lords as indicated by which the thought need not be satisfactory however it should be adequate. For this situation, the copyright for 'Rockin' shoes was claimed by Chappell Co. then again, Nestl organization was giving the records of this melody to the people who sent the coverings of the chocolate bars of the organization. As indicated by the Copyright Act, 1956 it has been referenced that an eminence of 6.25% must be followed through on the normal retail selling cost. In such manner, it was asserted by this the common retail selling cost of the record was 1s 6d. Then again, it was contended by Chappell Co that the cost ought to be more. Hence the inquiry was if the coverings of the chocolate bar can likewise be considered as an incomplete thought for the records. For this situ ation, it was expressed by the larger part in the House of Lords that in spite of the fact that the chocolate coverings had trifling financial worth and at last they were discarded, yet at the same time they were a piece of the thought for this situation. On these grounds it tends to be said that the cost of $2500 is a legitimate thought regardless of whether the market estimation of the vehicle is around $25,000. While in customary language, ampleness and adequacy are considered to have a similar importance yet in lawful terms, the term sufficiency is connected with the conditions under which the value that has been paid by an individual for something is unbalanced to the estimation of what has been gotten by such an individual consequently. In this manner, for example, if A has paid $50 as the thought for a house, it very well may be said that obviously, sufficient thought has not been given by A to the house. In any case, in these cases, it is the general assessment of the courts that the estimation of the products and ventures gave under the agreement hosts to be chosen by the gatherings to the agreement themselves and it isn't for the courts to choose the sufficient thought. Because of this position, regardless of whether sufficient thought is absent in an agreement, it won't have any effect on the legitimacy of the agreement. The thought is expressed to be adequate in the event that it i s adequate enough for supporting a straightforward agreement according to law. This necessitates the thought provided by the gathering ought to appreciate some an incentive under the law. There are numerous models where the thought isn't treated as having any genuine incentive according to the legal executive. Subsequently, moral obligation, characteristic love and warmth and petitions are not considered as having a financial worth. The outcome is that these are not rewarded as adequate thought that can bolster the development of a legitimate agreement. In such a case, it might be rehashing the commitment that the promisee is as of now obliged to do. As per the law, a specific thought must be treated as lacking if the offended party has played out an obligation that the offended party was at that point obliged to do. In this manner it very well may be said in regards to the introduction that the thought of $2500 is satisfactory thought regardless of whether the market estimation of the vehicle is around $25,000. On the grounds of the realities of this case, it tends to be said that the issue is connected with the enforceability of the guarantee made by the purchaser to pay extra US$3 million. For this situation, because of the cheapening of the US cash, the shipbuilder is set to endure a misfortune. Accordingly, requests extra US$3 million in any case the development of the boat will be halted. Then again, the purchaser previously had the sanction for the big hauler and thusly it turned out to be huge that the big hauler ought to be conveyed on schedule. Under these conditions, it must be checked whether the purchaser might be fruitful in recuperating the abundance sum paid to the shipbuilder. A case with comparable realities is that of Williams v Roffey Bros and Nicholls Contractors) Ltd (1990). For this situation, one gathering had made an agreement with the other for playing out some carpentry work. Anyway the halfway, it turned out to be certain that the other party won't have the option to complete the work on schedule. On the opposite end, the offended party had gone into an agreement with an outsider as per which if the work was not finished on schedule, the offended party was required to take care of a punishment. In this way so as to abstain from taking care of punishment to the outsider, the gathering consented to pay additional cash with the goal that the work might be finished on schedule. The short realities of this case are that the carpentry work for the pads was subcontracted by the litigant to the offended party. Anyway because of the cost chose by the gatherings for the work, money related challenges were made for the offended party and it got hard for the offended party to finish the work on schedule. These were the conditions when the respondent concurred that extra installment will be made to the offended party for every pads finished on schedule. Anyway later on the respondent would not make these extra installments. Subsequently, the offended party sued the respondent for the recuperation of his installment under the first agreement and furthermore under the further understanding made between the gatherings. Nonetheless, it was contended by the litigant that the guarantee of making extra installment was not enforceable as it was not bolstered by any thought. The Court expressed that the standard gave for Pinnell's situation isn't material in the situations w here the obligation has emerged because of the arrangement of administrations. Along these lines the guarantee to play out a current obligation can likewise be treated as acceptable thought if the other party will accomplish handy

Benefits of Exercise Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Advantages of Exercise - Research Paper Example In this paper, the different kinds of activity and their impacts on wellbeing will be talked about. Sorts of activity There are various kinds of activity and these can be ordered into 3 gatherings dependent on their force. They are the light exercise, moderate exercise and overwhelming activity. During light exercise, it is feasible for the exerciser to talk. Strolling is a case of light exercise. In moderate exercise, there is gentle inclination of exhausted for the exerciser. Instances of moderate exercise incorporate lively strolling, strolling tough and moderate cycling. During incredible exercise, the exerciser encounters gasping. Instances of this sort of activity incorporate quick cycling, running and substantial weight preparing (Christian, Medical NewsToday). There are 2 kinds of activity and they are high-impact and anaerobic activities. In vigorous exercise, the point of the activity is to build the oxygen utilization of the body. The activities are for the most part of mo derate power and include huge muscle gatherings. It includes heating up and practice for 20 minutes, trailed by chilling off. A basic model for high-impact practice is running for 20 minutes and playing badminton for 30 minutes. Then again, in anaerobic exercise, the muscles are practiced at high forces for brief lengths, which are under 2 minutes. Oxygen isn't utilized during these activities and consequently they utilize less calories than vigorous activities (Christian, Medical NewsToday). Advantages of activity on general medical advantages of high-impact practice incorporate, reinforcing of respiratory muscles, in this manner encouraging improved inflow and surge of air from the lungs, fortifying and development of the heart muscle, therefore causing bringing down of pulse during resting, conditioning of muscles, decrease in circulatory strain, improvement in blood dissemination, increment in the quantity of red platelets, improvement in the nature of rest and improvement in em otional wellness. Different advantages remember decline for ailments like headache, decline in the danger of coronary illness and other cardiovascular infections, improvement in endurance rates in those with effectively settled coronary illness, incitement of bone development, consequently diminishing the danger of osteoporosis, increment in endurance and perseverance, expanded capacity to store fat and glycogen inside muscles, expanded blood course through muscles, expanded capacity of the muscles to utilize fats during exercise, in this way upgrading conservation of intramuscular glycogen. Advantages of anaerobic activities remember increment for the quality and intensity of muscles. They likewise help in fortifying of bones, assurance of joints and control of body weight. Instances of anaerobic activities are running, weight lifting, interim preparing, serious and quick skipping, isometrics and fast eruption of hard exercise (Christian, Medical NewsToday). There are a few activit ies which incorporate a blend of muscle reinforcing, extending and adjusting. A genuine case of such blend practice is Yoga. Most specialists concur that extending itself is a decent type of activity. Yoga improves balance, developments, stance and adaptability (Christian, Medical NewsToday). The best wellbeing impact of activity is counteraction and treatment of corpulence. Heftiness is common everywhere throughout the world, especially in the created countries. Around 7% of the assessed current total populace is large (Uwaifo, Emedicine). Heftiness influences all races. It is predominant similarly in both the

Gonorrhea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gonorrhea - Essay Example of this that ladies are the ones that will in general endure most over the long haul when determined to have gonorrhea; when they overlook the indications, the disease spreads, causing serious intricacies inside the conceptive organs. In guys, it can take somewhere in the range of two days to a month prior there are clear indications of gonorrhea after the disease has shaped. In females, it is difficult to pinpoint to what extent it can take for indications to show up with respect to the beginning of the contamination, the same number of ladies don't give indications of the illness (Michaud, 2006). Just a little level of guys don't give any indications to having the contamination, instead of a bigger level of females. The signs and indications in guys incorporate a yellow-tinted release from the penis, just as regular and difficult pee. The signs and manifestations in females are vaginal release, torment in the lower guts, and disturbance of the genital district, which can likewise prompt excruciating pee and conceivable seeping between menstrual cycles. Because of the period-esq side effects of gonorrhea in females, numerous females overlook their indications until the disease declines, fortifying the agony and the force of the manifestations. Different signs and side effects, in the two guys and females, incorporate fever and heaving, just as sterility and fruitlessness. The more extended the indications go unnoticed or untreated, the more pieces of the conceptive frameworks get contaminated. The more awful it becomes in females, the more noteworthy the possibility is that they give it to their kid on the off chance that they are pregnant or get pregnant around the hour of building up the ailment. Inside ladies, the contamination can likewise make harm something other than the regenerative framework, for example, joint inflammation or visual impairment (Kolesnikow, 2007). In diagnosing gonorrhea, there are two techniques that social insurance laborers resort to. The main test, a recoloring test, is the least precise of the two. A recoloring test includes taking a spot test of the release from the tainted territory, coloring it, and inspecting

How Computers Connect As Well As Interact With Each Other - 825 Words

How Computers Connect As Well As Interact With Each Other (Essay Sample) Content: WIRELESS TOPOLOGYNAME:INSTITUTION:DATE:AbstractThis paper will provide a description of wireless topology which is a logical topology that depicts how computers connect as well as interact with each other without physical connection. Some of the wireless network topologies that this paper will focus on include; Point to Point topology which entails a link between two endpoints. Point to Multipoint network topology which is a one to many connections where multiple or various paths from one location open to multiple locations. The third one is multipoint to point topology which is many to one where multiple paths from multiple locations converge to a single location. Finally, the paper will also point out disadvantages of using each type of topology.Point to Point TopologyThis topology is considered the most common and simple type of connection which take place between two end points. Point to point topology is known to the basic models of convectional telephony and it can be set up dynamically and dropped when it is no longer needed using circuit switching or packet switching technologies (Santanu Acharjya, 2013). In this case, some of the example of point to point topology includes; two computers communicating via modems, a mainframe terminal communicating with a front end processor and a work station communicating along a parallel cable to a printer or scanner, and therefore, the value of a permanent point-to-point network is unimpeded communications between the two endpoints.Point to multi-point TopologyThis type of topology is also known as one to many network topologies and it is where multiple paths from a single location open to multiple locations. Point to Multi-point connection is mostly used in telecommunications, IP telephony as well as wireless internet (Santanu Acharjya, 2013). This topology enables private enterprises to establish connectivity to offices in most remote locations as well as provides long range non-physical backhaul solutions for various distinct sites. This topology uses IP telephony which employs the internet protocol packet switched connections in order to exchange fax, voice, as well as other variety of data that was previously carried over through public switched telephone network (PSTN).For instance, according to Santanu Acharjya (2013), Point to Multipoint topology entails a central base station that has the capability of supporting other subscribers since it has a bridge known as the base station bridge or rather root bridge that provides a path where all data that passes between the wireless bridge clients initially go through.  This type of topology uses the same network resources from a single location that are shared among multiple stations. Furthermore, in a broadcast community, Point to Multipoint topology sends information from one uplink to multiple downlinks whereby in such type of setup, remote sites become limited to the receiver only mode so that there is only one tran smission between the uplink as well as down link.Besides, this type of topology incorporates a system that is designed as both single as well as bidirectional. The system entails central antenna or an array of many antennas that have the capability of broadcasting signal to several receiving antennas. The system in point to multi-point is topology is designed in a way that it makes use of a form of time division multiplexing that facilitates several users to share the same channel of frequency (Mehta Yadav, 2014). For instance, since the signal is divided into different time slots, transmission of the signal is carried out in rapid success while using only apart of either of the channels capacity.This type of topology can also be undertaken through bridging and this sis whereby one access point talks directly to other access points while every point serving as a another access point within the same network. On the other hand, According to Mehta Yadav (2014), Point to Multi-point l ink exists within this topology and it consists of central connection end point as well as multiple peripheral remotes and therefore, any data that is conveyed from the main point is received other peripheral remotes  however, any data that comes from peripheral remote is only received by the endpoint in the central connection but not by other peripheral remotes.Multi-point to Point

Global Health Competency Among Advanced Practice Nurses

There is no documentation of global health competency among advanced practice nurses, specifically for Nurse Practitioners in current health related literature. Global health competency is an issue of increasing importance as we face an era of immense globalization, migration, immigration, and widening income gaps. It is widely accepted that lower income status, ethnic and racial disparities place persons at risk for increased morbidity and mortality globally and locally. Additionally, advanced practice nurses, Nurse Practitioners, are increasingly seen as primary care providers for the future aiding rapidly aging and influxes of ethno-diverse cultures. This culminates with already existing high levels of poverty, reliance on government†¦show more content†¦Most physician-driven efforts have been bio-medically focused. One competency assessment by Wilson, et al. was adapted from Medicine for undergraduate nursing by removing treatment and medical diagnoses (2012). In a st udy of 700 undergraduate nursing programs, only 29% offered global health as a separate course outside of standard community health and there are no reports in the literature establishing or documenting global health competence among graduate prepared advanced practice nurses. In another sample of 36 Canadian Association of University Schools of Nursing, only 0.81% of undergraduate students had international experiences and only 2 of 36 institutions had transcultural nursing requirements which limits abilities or competence in assisting diverse populations. We do know utilization of health belief models and transcultural theory have been very effective in implementing health interventions and this has been noted in several studies including the use of social capital in management of disease (Malin, 2014). Cultural mistrust of providers remains amongst low-income persons of minority status who have experienced previous inequity or discrimination has been repeatedly documented and wi ll continue to be a barrier (Benkert,

Peer Pressure - 1013 Words

Peer pressure From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Peer pressure is influence that a peer group, observers or individual exerts that encourages others to change their attitudes, values, or behaviors to conform the group norms. Social groups affected include membership groups, in which individuals are formally members (such as political parties and trade unions), or social cliques in which membership is not clearly defined. A person affected by peer pressure may or may not want to belong to these groups. They may also recognize dissociative groups with which they would not wish to associate, and thus they behave adversely concerning that groups behaviors.[citation needed] Contents [hide] 1 In Youth 2 Asch conformity 3 The Third†¦show more content†¦Jones, unable to explain to his students how the German populace could claim ignorance of the extermination of the Jewish people, decided to show them instead. Jones started a movement called The Third Wave and convinced his students that the movement is to eliminate democracy. The fact that democracy emphasizes individuality was considered as a drawback of democracy, and Jones emphasized this main point of the movement in its motto: Strength through discipline, strength through community, strength through action, strength through pride. The Third Wave experiment is an example of risk behavior in authoritarian peer pressure situations.[10][11] It is one useful tool in leadership. Instead of direct delegation of tasks and results demanding, employees are in this case, induced into a behaviour of self-propelled performance and innovation, by comparison feelings towards their peers. There are several ways peer pressure can be induced in a working environment. Examples include training and team meetings. In training, the team member is in contact with people with comparable roles in other organizations. In team meetings, there is an implicit comparison between every team member, especially if the meeting agenda is to present results and goal status.[12] Neural mechanisms[edit] Neuroimaging identifies the anterior insula and anterior cingulate as key areas in the brainShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Peer Pressure761 Words   |  3 Pages Peer pressure. No one can hear those two words and not feel bad in some way. Peer pressure happens in every school. Teens are being torn down by other teens. It is not okay to hurt anyone no matter what. Every year some kid runs away from home probable because of being peer pressured, peer pressure must be dealt with some way or another. If putting up laws helps get rid of peer pressure its worth it. Teen peer pressure has become a big problem in schools, and teens should be required to go aRead MoreThe Guide To Peer Pressure Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesPeer pressure should not be allowed because it may result in bad choices for the person experiencing it. Many kids entering high school, or middle school start experiencing all different kinds of peer pressuring. Whether it is encouraging you to join choir, track, o r dance. But, sometimes your friends can be pressuring you to try very dangerous things. For example, drugs, drinking, and dares that lead to very hard consequences. This is one of the toughest issues a teenageer will face. They feelRead MoreIs Peer Pressure Necessary?1047 Words   |  5 PagesIs Peer Pressure Necessary? By Hannah â€Å"Come on! Don’t be a wimp!† Words floated around Mike’s head. He was dizzy from all the things his supposed friends said to him. â€Å"You’re such a loser. Man up.† Mike dropped to the ground. Another voice hovered near his head. â€Å"Just do it.† Mike took the cigarette from his friend’s outstretched hand. It would be okay, right? Just once. Just once to fit in. He pushed the cigarette closer to his mouth, closing his hand around it like in the movies. It did notRead MorePeer Pressure Speech1520 Words   |  7 Pagesreally leading? There are two kinds of peer pressure. The Positive kind, and the Negative kind. The positive kind of peer pressure is, being pressured or convinced to do a certain task that you may not have had the confidence to complete or to do yourself. Another kind of positive peer pressure is when friends convince you not to do something that may not have been in your best interest. Negative peer pressure is just what it sounds like—It is when Peers try to make you think that they know whatRead MoreThe Problem Of Peer Pressure953 Words   |  4 PagesOf course everyone is different, but most teenagers deal with the same problems. Peer pressure, beauty, responsibility, and the future, are common for a teenager of all ages to face. These â€Å"problems† do not always have to be problems, most of the time they are out of worry. Friends play an important role in life, peer pressure is being influenced, but is not always by a friend. When thinking about peer pressure drugs and alcohol come to mind. Most teenagers try drugs or alcohol out of fear.Read MorePeer Pressure Essay693 Words   |  3 Pagesgeneration. Peer Pressure. We have all at one stage in our lives, experienced it. We all know what it feels like to be pressured by a peer. Peer pressure today impacts on kids of my generation in a huge aspect. Teenagers feel social pressure in numerous ways such as clothing, music and entertainment choices, to unsafe areas such as drugs, alcohol and smoking. During adolescence, kids emphasize their independence and explore their identity. Yet they still crave the approval of their peers and worryRead MoreEssay on Overcoming Peer Pressure573 Words   |  3 PagesThe ugly reality is that peer pressure reaches its greatest intensity at just the age when kids tend to be most insensitive and cruel. -- Walt Mueller, Understanding Todays Youth Culture Overcoming peer pressure always proves to be a challenge; being in the moment with the intention of rejecting the pressure tends to breed fear. There are all types of pressures in life from people, to possible addiction causing agents, and the desire to have fun. Personally at UC Irvine people may say thereRead MoreThe Effects Of Peer Pressure On Youth1237 Words   |  5 Pagesaccomplish goals. Peer pressure has been identified as a big impact on teenagers, and contrary to popular belief, Secure Teen (2013) has found that peer pressure may encourage positive influences on our youth. To promote motivation and a high self-esteem students could participate in groups to thrive in the classroom. These groups would be called N-I-A-F (No-one is a failure), not a typical study group or therapy, a community of academic socializing to motivate students toward success. Peers would encourageRead More Negative Peer Pressure Essay1511 Words   |  7 Pages This is usually the typical outcome o f a scene like this. It is called peer pressure. It can be disguised in many different forms. In this essay I am going to look at different ways in which teenagers can be influenced by peer pressure. Many teenagers experiment with cigarettes, drugs or alcohol. It is likely that they take their first cigarette, drink or drug because of pressure from peers or friends. The influence of friends who smoke is the main reason teenagersRead MorePeer Pressure Research Paper4619 Words   |  19 PagesYour peers are the people with whom you identify and spend time. In children and teens, they are usually, but not always, of the same age group. In adults, peers may be determined less by age and more by shared interests or professions. Peer pressure occurs when an individual experiences implied or expressed persuasion to adopt similar values, beliefs, and goals, or to participate in the same activities as those in the peer group. What Is Peer Pressure? Peer pressure exists for all ages. Three-year-old

Man on the Moon 2 by Kid Cudi free essay sample

My favorite musician, Kid Cudi, just released his newest album, A Speeding Bullet to Heaven. I hadn’t been listing to Kid Cudi to often lately although he was my idol in 2010. That was the year he dropped his debut album Man on the Moon II. This albums has been then anthem for many teens across the country for many years after its release. That’s why I think I should talk about it. This rapper who was just coming up out of Cleveland, dropped a mixtape before this album which got him some of his initial buzz he had, but he didn’t really take off till Man on the Moon II. It may have helped that his first mixtape which wasn’t super popular, was still extremely good and super underrated. One certain super star noticed that his mixtape was good. A few months after it was released Kanye West invited him to his studio to come work with him. After Kanye had just a few studio sessions with him he decided that Kid Cudi would make a good addition to his music label. After getting picked up by Kanye, Kid Cudi was on a shooting star to success, with his popularity growing more and more every single day. Being able to work with Kanye West and his team of producers Kid Cudi was able to get mass amounts of studio time. Plus having a few Kanye West features on an album no matter how good it is can make it explode with popularity. Kid Cudi was working with some of the best and most famous producers of the past decade or so, sitting there with them helping them make the beats he would be rapping over. Kid Cudi has an amazing singing voice that he works into nearly all of his raps, mostly as the chorus but it all works together to sound great. He made sure all of the beats he would be rapping over would create perfect harmony from when he’s going his hardest rapping like he’s the king of hip-hop or when he mixes it up and lets his singing voice shine. His voice works like butter on toast, his flow worked perfectly for his singing to rap transitions. The album took everyone by surprise, it came out in 2010 and was almost instantly deemed a classic in the hip-hop community. Even though nearly everyone just sees rap as a one sided story. Where they rap about their wealth or the amount of drugs they do, or maybe about the crazy amounts of girls they have â€Å"relations† with. Kid Cudi is nearly the polar opposite, don’t get me wrong he has his club bangers and less influential songs. But most of his songs he releases put out positivity, being happy with life, and not letting others get in the way of his dreams. â€Å"I guess Im cool and those happy thoughts in my head Im feeling like Im Peter Pan minus the tights and the fairies happy to see how far Ive come to the same place it began my dreams and imagination. Perfectly at peace so I move along a bit higher† One of his most po pular songs â€Å"Soundtrack to My Life† he talks about the struggles he went through as a kid and how he only could rely on his sister out of his three siblings. He also talks about how he’s never been the same after his father died, and that he â€Å"Try to think of myself as a sacrifice so that the lil’ kids aren’t the only ones who are up at night.† Kid Cudi unlike most rappers makes his music rather relatable to his listeners which is what really helped bring him to fame. But you really have to listen close and not just look at the surface, he even talks about that saying â€Å"Avoid the obvious context of the song†. He also speaks about how being famous isn’t what he was hoping it would be like, he raps about not being able to stop his blog because he would be an â€Å"A-hole† and that he hopes he can settle down one day because he’s always being put on tour. After this album was released he continued with his stat e side tour before he left for his worldwide tour. His touring went on for nearly a year or two before he finally was done with his planned tours. After settling down back in Cleveland he was confronted about someone remixing his song â€Å"Soundtrack to My Life† to be used in a movie, this movie Project X, helped him retain his fan base even when he was working on his music instead of releasing music or touring. This movie made Kid Cudi a pretty penny in return. This movie also brought in a much wider fan base for Kid Cudi, which helped him and hurt him. Not long after this movie was made he released another album, Indicud. Though it was still a good album it was different than what most people were hoping for. Mostly because after touring and once he got home he decided to take up a life of sobriety which he said cleared his mind and brought him enlightenment. This enlightenment he found changed his music, he began to make nearly all his beats and began to sing more, heâ₠¬â„¢s a good singer don’t get me wrong, but there is most certainly better singers out there. But his newly brought in fan base from the movie Project X didn’t really enjoy this album, they mostly knew him for his remixed version of â€Å"Sound Track to My Life† which is a good song but it’s made for parties or the club scene. Indicud was more of a sitting out by the pool in the sun having a grill out with friends type of music. So a lot of these people were looking for an album that they could party too, but it’s just not what they got. With his newest album Speeding Bullet to Heaven, he decided to say screw it to that fan base and made the entire album comprised of almost only his singing vocals and guitar work. When I compare Man on the Moon II to the rest of his work I would give it a solid nine out of ten. Comparing it to almost any other rap album ever though its and easy ten out of ten. This classic hip-hop album hasn’t been forgotten at all, the hip-hop community still praises it. He just made himself so relatable it was very different for the time. His ability to rap about his life and struggle is flawless. He is an amazing artist and deserves more credit than he will ever get. In my opinion I feel like he should be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame right next to rapper legend Run DMC, who is a classic hip hop legend. Kid Cudi himself is a legend he always has uncontrollable energy which comes through in his songs and his live shows.

The Holocausts Effects On Wiesel Essay Example For Students

The Holocausts Effects On Wiesel Essay The Effects of the HolocaustOn Wiesels FaithIn early 1944 the town of Sighet, Transylvania was overran by the Nazi war regime as it rapidly expanded across Europe and parts of Asia. In this town a young religious man named Elie Wiesel was questioning the intent of the German army and the rumors that were circling about them. Although he had heard that the Germans were planning mass genocide of the Jewish race, the common feeling throughout the town was that Hitler could never exterminate every Jew. Early in Wiesels Night, he recounts his experiences in the Holocaust and he expresses his undying faith and belief that god would never allow Hitlers regime to run its course. When the Nazi army finally reached the town of Signet, the Jews were forced from their homes and relocated into the towns gettos. We will write a custom essay on The Holocausts Effects On Wiesel specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It was the seventh day of Passover, and according to Wiesel, the race towards death had begun.1 The Jews were slowly removed from the large getto of Sighet and shipped to the smaller, holding getto where they were separated according to sex, age, and physical ability, and prepared for shipment to Auschwitz. The day that Wiesel and his family were to be moved to the smaller getto of Signet, Wiesel demonstrates his faith in God by awaking early to perform his daily prayers. As he prepared to leave his home he said, I looked at our house, where I had spent so many years in my search for God; in fasting in order to hasten the coming of the Messiah; in imagining what my life would be like. Yet I felt little sorrow.2 This passage is symbolic of his first parting with his faith in God. Yet he still believed in God, he was beginning to understand that a God should not let mass extermination happen to his people. While he was sub-consciencly loosing his faith in God, he still felt that there was strength in humanity and that human morals would never allow the burning of Jews. Upon Wiesels arrival at Auschwitz he caught his first glimpse of the crematories he exclaimed to his father, I do not believe that they can burn people in our agehumanity would never tolerate it.3 Yet after his father convinced him of the horrible truth his faith in god could never be restored.Wiesels father, after fully realizing the full horror of the concentration camps, said a small prayer to God, and to this Elie reacted with utter defiance. For the first time, I felt revolt rise up in me. Why should I bless His name? The Eternal, Lord of the Universe, the All-Powerful and Terrible, was silent. What had I to thank Him for?4 Although Wiesel still believed in the presence of God, he felt that in Gods silence he was defying the Jews and their faith in him. How could someone you are so devoted to be absent in your greatest time of need? Wiesel said that he sympathized with Job, and I feel that the similarities between Wiesel and Job are numerous. Both were very religious men who put their faith before all other, and yet both found that their faith brought them nothing but suffering. Both felt that they deserved a more peaceful and humane existence because of their undying devotion, yet both lived in the cruelest situations for some time. Wiesel felt that man was stronger that god because throughout the Holocaust his fellow prisoners continued to praise God and believed that God allowed the Holocaust in order to benefit the Jews in some strange way. Wiesel felt that because of all the torture that the Jews were subjected to their continued praise proved that they were ignorant to the fact that God was not a source of supreme justice. Wiesel continued to despise God for the remainder of the Holocaust, yet from this new independence he found power. .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9 , .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9 .postImageUrl , .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9 , .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9:hover , .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9:visited , .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9:active { border:0!important; } .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9:active , .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9 .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1d3bc8d8d46dcb75e57caf918cc755f9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anne frank Essay I felt very strong. I was the accuser, God the accusedI was terribly alone in a world without god and without man.5Religion Essays

Score Card Essay

Score Card Essay Score Card Essay PERSONAL APPLICATION PORTFOLIO Eyasu Theodros 1. Provide a brief introductory statement highlighting your strength and supporting your application for this overseas assignment First of all I would like to express my gratitude for the consideration. I welcome the opportunity to be considered for the lead recruiting and training consultant role at our newly created office in United Arab Emirates. I have more than 10 years of experience in the recruitment and development of technical talent; Five (5) years of experience have been obtained in my current role. I have had direct responsibility for recruiting technical talent and assessing their need for additional training and certifications. Although I have not travelled internationally for business purpose , I traveled quite a lot to Africa, Asia and Europe. My positions had taken me to many cities throughout the U.S. where I had a chance to work with different kind of people with different social,economical and cultural background. I had a privilege to work with department heads to ensure that appropriate training and certification classes are arranged to meet specified employee and corporate goals. My current job responsibility requires me to overseas our upward mobility and career development programs. Specifically I am responsible to make sure that are clearly defined and communicated to all employees, and regularly evaluated to ensure that they are applicable to company goals as well as to the industry at large. I understand Every international venture it has its own benefits and challenges. Working with people from different backgrounds is not always straightforward It can be the source of the challenge and opportunity. Being lead recruiting and training consultant in the newly created office in United Arab Emirates requires more than professional skills and experience it will require a unique set of personal, cross cultural and intercultural communication skills. I believe that I have the personality and the professional dimensions required to serve successfully as an expatriate in United Arab Emirates. 2. Discuss the likely implications of the key similarities and differences in cultural values and how they will either serve as relative strength for you or as areas upon which you are likely to need support. (Use Hofstede, Project GLOBE, and other research to help with the challenges and ideas for overcoming them). Based on my research on the I have learned the following cultural values : * United Arab Emirates is an Arab country in the Southeast of the Arabian Peninsula on the Persian Gulf. * Islam is the official religion and Arabic is the official language. * UAE oil reserves are ranked as the world’s seventh-largest and is one of the most developed economies in Western Asia. * Many human rights issues for non-citizens exist with companies’ and employers’ non-compliance with labor laws. * The culture mainly revolves around the religion of Islam and traditional Arab and Bedouin culture * Women are not highly regarded in the UAE * Highly disciplined society * Believe in team spirit and support each other It is obvious there is a clear difference in cultural values. The most notable difference in cultural value is women right. In The U.S. women not only expect to be a part of the workforce but they also look forward to serving in leading roles and at very high levels. Islam shaped the overall beliefs and shared value system in United Arab Emirates,as a result of that women do not hold high esteem. Generally speaking the United Arab Emirates society is a musclinely oriented society. Furthermore, a cultural study of United Arab Emirates Hofstede, revealed that the society score very high on power distance, Masculinity, collectivist and uncertainty avoidance categories . Hofstede’s

DQ 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

DQ 2 - Essay Example Just as the Central Florida Police Stress Unit proposes, there should be department-based programs to help effectively alleviate specific job-related stress and to help generally thwart occupational stress in the disciplined forces. It is the responsibility of criminal justice agencies to include criminal justice agency staff members, professional legal counselors and peers of these criminal justice agencies in stress reduction efforts. First, this cannot materialize if criminal justice agencies do not come together as a caucus. Just as the National Institute of Justice observed, to successfully alleviate professional stress, criminal justice agencies must unitarily appoint a dedicated member of staff to: identify with stressed colleagues; solicit the support of, and work together with administrators, staff members, family members and officers’ unions; observe confidentiality; and accord stressed employees, an array of support services (Gino and Cable, 2013). Above all, criminal justice agencies can best abate employee stress by counseling and educating employees on their legal or constitutional duties. Inadequate understanding of legal injunctions opens up doors for legal suits, dismissal of evidence or work acquired outside the confines of the law and ultimately, personnel frustration. This case is being exemplified by New York Police Department officers who are having their evidence acquired through stop and frisk being challenged and declared inadmissible in the court of law, on the account that stop and frisk is

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Project management - Essay Example ves activities and processes that determine quality objectives, policies and responsibilities, which are required to ensure that the project’s goals are, met (Project Management Institute 13). 6. Project Human Resource Management: This aspect of project management primarily involves the organization and management of a project team. A project team includes people with different knowledge, skills and responsibilities. This, therefore, requires strong coordination between these individuals. 7. Project Communications Management: This knowledge area plays a significant role to ensure that members of the project management team are kept on the same page. Adequate communication within a project management team is a necessity that ensures that all processes are implemented as they were predetermined (Project Management Institute 13). 8. Project Risk Management: This component of project management deals with the identification and moderation of risk on a project. Its main objective is to maximize and increase the probability of achieving positive goals. 9. Project Procurement Management: This process is required to process and achieve products and services, or other outcomes that are required out of the project management team. It involves processes such as administering contracts, closing out contracts, and planning and achieving product and services from outside sources (Project Management Institute

Looking at history "from below" Essay

Looking at history "from below" - Essay Example While Europeans may argue that religion was the main objective of their visit for America, it is clear that they exercised oppression and denied the natives of their rights, which can be better described. However, historians have ignored this fact and termed their invasion to America as a mere discovery. From this perspective, it is clear that history has been a subject of bias, influenced by the personal ideas of its authors. Dussell, an Argentine-Mexican liberator philosopher, is among authors who have focused on the subjective nature of history and its implication as far as constructing historical events is concerned. Dussell (126) opens by representing the two sides of the same coin as far as historical opinions are concerned. He argues that history can be analyzed from the top or from below, while considering the position of the writer. Analyzing the analyzing the history of Europeans entry in America from above implies analyzing the opinions presented by the European history. From the perspective of Europeans, their entry into America was either an invention of a country or even its discovery. Invention implies the creation of a country that never existed, while discovery implies the finding of a country that had not been known to exist. On the other hand, approaching history from below, Americans perceive European visitation as uncalled for and the worst form of invasion. From this point of view, h istory suffers subjectivity and the impression that it stands for depends on whether it is analyzed from a â€Å"top† or â€Å"below† approach. Evidently, criticism of history is an issue that has prevailed for many years as scholars identify the voice of the writers within historical recordings. Twain is among author who found fault in historical recordings and expressed the weakness that history has suffered for many years. Twain stated that â€Å"the very ink with which all history is written is merely fluid

Cuban Missile Crisis Essay -- essays research papers fc

During the administration of United States President John F. Kennedy, the Cold War reached its most dangerous state, when the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) came to the brink of nuclear war in what was known as the Cuban Missile Crisis. What was the Cold War? What started the tensions between the United States and the USSR? What actions were taken and how were the problems resolved? All of these questions and more shall be answered in this paper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cold War was a struggle between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union. Although direct military conflict never took place, diplomatic and economic struggles occurred. The Cold War began when Joseph Stalin, leader of the Communist Party, used the Red Army to take control of most of the countries of Eastern Europe. The United States as well as Western European countries were greatly concerned. In response to Stalin’s military movements, President Harry Truman issued the Truman Doctrine in 1947. In his address to Congress, President Truman decided that the United States would aid any country that asked for help in resisting communism. The Truman Doctrine became known as the basis for containment, the policy to keep communism from spreading to other countries. After the Truman Doctrine, George Catlett Marshall, Secretary of State, proposed the Marshall Plan, the European Recovery Program through which the United States provided aid to Wester n Europe after World War II, in June 1947. The Marshall Plan was offered to all European countries, but Stalin would not allow the countries his military was occupying take part. In April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed. The countries involved in this pact were the United States, Britain, France, Canada, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal. The NATO agreement said that â€Å"an armed attack against one or more of its members in Europe and/or America shall be considered an attack against them all.† To ward off aggressors, American forces and nuclear weapons were to be kept in Western Europe. In response to NATO, the Soviet Union formed a similar pact between seven Eastern European countries called the Warsaw Treaty Organization, or Warsaw Pact. The countries involved along with the Soviet Union were Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslov... ... allow them. The inspections weren’t needed, however, as U.S. aerial reconnaissance planes revealed that the missile bases were being dismantled.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cuban Missile Crisis had ended. Nuclear war had been averted, but the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis didn’t end the Cold War. The Cold War didn’t â€Å"end† until the early nineties, when Mikhail Gorbechev and George Bush stopped the superpower rivalry, at least for the time being. Possibly the most bitter and vicious rivalry in the modern era had spawned conflict after conflict; the Cuban missile crisis was perhaps the worst of these events, almost leading to nuclear disaster. With the brazen and quick thinking of world leaders, this calamity was averted and the earth remains unscathed from the nuclear scourge. Bibliography: Jared Wiener; Bay of Pigs http://members.aol.com/yo1460/byopr/contents.html Anonymous; John F. Kennedy http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/glimpse/presidents/html/jk35.html Brinkley, American History; A Survey; Volume II; Since 1865, USA; McGraw-Hill College; 1999 Dilulio, John J. Jr, Wilson James Q., American government; The Essentials. Boston MA; Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999.

Philosophy †Conscience (90/90) Essay

Discuss critically the view that we should always follow our conscience when making ethical decisions It has traditionally been proposed that the conscience is an established body of authority, essentially justifying the view that it should be ‘followed’. Many notable figures throughout history – Aquinas, Butler, Plato, Freud – have structurally placed it in a potent rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½le. Whether this is by means of tripartite analogies, hierarchical standing or even religious eminence, the conscience serves a theoretical, and indeed practical, function as the human and societal arbiter. But then, there is also a possible disparity between the states of individual and collective conscience, contributing to the difficulties in determining which conscience is more suited to enacting ‘ethical decisions’. This predicates an interesting dichotomy: the conscience either does not maintain this degree of control or, conversely, the conscience’s increased social standing grants it an even greater level of authority. It can similarly be questioned whet her or not the conscience’s proposed supremacy necessitates an individual’s reliance on it, or even, whether it is needed at all. Ideas in connection with the conscience are far-reaching. The notion of ‘ethical decisions’ being governed by the conscience implies that there is a principal rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½le the conscience must play in enacting them. But, as addressed above, there are solid questions over its reliability: its seemingly potent position and even its existence. My argument follows an objective line, paying close attention to that factor in which man is of sole importance. The human being is the entity the conscience must work alongside, and vice versa. There is a clear discrepancy between common definitions of ‘consciousness’, in turn emphasising the inconsistency of thought on the matter. The Collins Dictionary, for example, defines ‘consciousness’ as being â€Å"aware of one’s surroundings†1; in contrast with the Concise Oxford Dictionary which classifies it as being â€Å"aware of and responding to one’s surroundings†2. Herein, at the outset, lies an issue. ‘Surroundings’ and conditions are clearly noted by both definitions, yet the human acknowledgement and ‘response’ to them are not so. This irregularity is highly relevant when trying to determine the conscience’s rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½le in the individual’s ‘decision’-making. The mind’s influence on the individual, the individual’s place in society, and, indeed, individuals themselves, are key to this matter. ***************** â€Å"May God himself, the God of peace, sanctify you through and through. May your whole spirit, soul and body be kept blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ† 3 Presented above is the Biblical proposition most considered to be supportive of the tripartite theory of the Godhead. Theologically, ‘three’ has been a consistent Biblical presence, â€Å"It should be noted at the outset that the Biblical authors’ use of the number three is abundantly attested†4 – The Holy Trinity, Noah’s three sons and Job’s three daughters being notable cases of this. Accordingly, the human being consists of ‘three’ separate elements; either ‘body’, ‘soul’ and ‘spirit’, as is noted above, or, most applicable to the question of conscience: i) appetites ii) affections, and iii) reason – the latter having familiar associations with the conscience. But where does this come into the idea of ‘following’ one’s conscience? Simply put, it is the idea that the conscience is dominant in its essence; that theologians, philosophers and psychologists throughout times past have placed it above appetites and affections. Noted examples of this are Aquinas’ ‘Hierarchy of Being’, Plato’s ‘Allegory of the Chariot’, Freud’s idea of the id, ego and superego, and others; all leading to one literally presented conclusion – conscience is ‘boss’, and ergo, should be ‘followed’. Thomistic philosophy places the conscience in a divine rank; alongside the Bible, the Church and Mankind as a whole. It is divine and institutional law; guided through human mechanisms by the Synderesis Rule: â€Å"the innate principle in the moral consciousness of every person which directs the agent to good and restrains him from evil†5. This can be seen to relate directly to the idea of a benevolent conscience making ‘ethical decisions’ – ‘good’ being the ultimate goal. Butler takes a similar position – â€Å"man is born to virtue†6 – ‘self love’ and ‘benevolence’ being the individual’s guide. But, one might ask whether the apparent requirement to do ‘good’ is really an objective balance. Can one really make an ‘ethical decision’ without knowing the evil? 7 Aquinas asserted five primary precepts which the conscience formulates in an ‘ethical’ judgement – self preservation and preservation of the innocent, continuation of the species, education of children, living in a society and worshipping God. Despite the need for these to be followed, and, of course, definitive of how we make ‘ethical decisions’, it is the fifth that one finds enticing for this particular study. ‘Worshipping God’, the church – a state of authority – or, indeed, perceived authority, guiding our actions. It conforms to the hierarchy of being (an apt link with the tripartite theory) and is a premise for God’s ‘benign tyranny’. God is the pure form of Reason, and is so at the top of the hierarchy, subordinated by mankind – affections – and animals – pure appetite. By this we can see that this hierarchical method is multi-levelled – the human being comprises these attributes just as a collective hierarchy does. They are simply metaphors for the conscience’s divine authority on a bodily and societal level. This is further supported by Plato’s ‘Allegory of the Chariot’; the charioteer representing Intellect/Reason/Conscience, the white horse signifying the aforementioned morals and affections, and the black horse symbolising appetites. One might be too facetious in making this interpretation but the use of a horse somewhat indicates that human beings are majorly of beastly appetites, other than reason – are we God’s ‘beasts’ as it were? Plato himself judged that: â€Å"man†¦is a tame or civilized animal; nevertheless, he requires proper instruction and a fortunate nature, and then of all animals he becomes the most divine and most civilized; but if he be insufficiently or ill-educated he is the most savage of earthly creatures.†8 Yet, he conversely gives the analogous horse human traits: â€Å"he is a lover of honour and modesty and temperance, and the follower of true glory; he needs no touch of the whip, but is guided by word and admonition only.†9 Even more interesting is Plato’s use of a human being in God’s rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½le. This gives two ideas; God is either being anthropomorphised (putting him in inferior standing) or, alternatively, human conscience is God-ly10 – maybe God is our conscience. Maybe He is mankind. Newman supports the former idea; â€Å"an echo implies a voice; a voice, a speaker. That speaker I love and revere†11, by the literal hearing of voices. The ‘speaker’ is the indwelling voice – the conscience – and the reverberation of God’s direct message. Here, on the surface, we can clearly see, due to the divine cloud hanging over this matter (‘God is good’), that the conscience should be ‘followed’ when making ‘ethical decisions’. Yet, one might ask the fundamental question of whether the conscience is worthy of its place above appetites and affections. The empiricist, David Hume, makes his opinion on the matter quite clear: â€Å"reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them†12. He provides a clear argument against ‘always’ ‘following’ our conscience when making ‘ethical decisions’, in favour of our appetites. One might take the view that our primitive nature, without the influence of our conscience and an interventionist (or determinant) society is more equipped to make ‘ethical decisions’. Indeed, the Reformation encouraged the break-away from the Church of Rome and set the individual conscience, not ecclesiastical authority, at the centre of religious life. As will be addressed in further detail later, if our conscience is distorted by society the individual may not be in full control of his own ‘ethical decisions’. One could conversely argue, however, that, as Plato seemingly hinted at above, Hume degrades humanity to the level of animals; that we have no power to reason and therefore cannot achieve ‘God-liness’ or make ‘ethical decisions’ at all. Plato supplemented the ideas purveyed by his ‘Allegory of the Chariot’ through another work The Republic, which, for this essay, provides the basis for examination of the relationship between individual and societal conscience. As with Aquinas, it is a question of hierarchy. The workers – appetite followers – and the soldiers – protectors of the state and morals – are both subservient to the philosopher-kings – the embodiment of reason. Plato’s view was that of an elitist society with the core conscience in charge; â€Å"knowledge is power†13 (â€Å"Conscience is king†14) or, as I might conversely argue, ‘power is knowledge’ (‘King is conscience’). One can draw parallels with Orwell’s dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, which, for me, offers an even more appropriate portrayal of this idea: the lowly ‘proles’ comprising the vast majority of society – governed by appetites – the Outer Party – controlled by state values and propaganda, morals, affections – and the Inner Party and Big Brother, the core of the state; the quintessence of the conscience, â€Å"it is impossible to see reality except by looking through the eyes of the Party†15. These two examples demonstrate the conscience of the individual being mirrored in society. It raises issues as to whether the conscience of the collective should be ‘followed’ when making ‘ethical decisions’ as opposed to that of the limited individual; â€Å"only in the mind of the party, which is collective and immortal†16 – drawing distinctly Marxist parallels, and, perhaps more relevantly, conforming to the Thomistic precept of ‘living in a society’. One can link this to the thoughts of Soloveychik; that â€Å"conscience can’t be someone’s own. Conscience is both personal and universal†17. The pluralism, ‘we’, established in the initial proposition is markedly addressed with these connections to societal conscience. One extremity that may arise from this elitist, authoritarian ideal, however, is the issue of mind-control (â€Å"Big Brother Is Watching You†). A conscientious hierarchical society controlling the psyche of the masses may fulfil the rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½le of the individual in a more oblique, inflated manner. Appetites, affection and reason being governed by class structure; bringing about a socially solidified conscience. One might apply this to F.H. Bradley’s personification: â€Å"our function [is] as an organ† in a â€Å"social organism†. Thus, if conscience is uniform among individuals, why might ‘ethical decisions’ not be carried out similarly? Baruch Spinoza believed that God’s knowledge is distilled through humanity: â€Å"an idea is adequate and perfect insofar as it represents knowledge of the eternal and infinite essence of God†18. Giving further substance to the idea of an individual’s morals (their ‘ethical’ make-up) being reflected on a collective level. Hume, however, argues against this, â€Å"nothing is more surprising than the easiness with which the many are governed by the few†19, pondering the dominance of a reasoned minority – the collective’s core conscience – in turn eradicating the starting point for this theory. An answer to the issue in the proposition, however, is still not possible at this point. One cannot yet determine whether the conscience should be ‘followed’ when making ‘ethical decisions’ because of the sheer amount of subjectivity over the ethics of elitism. Still, the plausibility of a societal conscience maintaining this degree of authority is questionable. Despite the seemingly loose connections mentioned above, the conscience of the collective is undoubtedly dissimilar to that of the individual. The juxtaposed issues of freedom and conflicting individual mentality are enough in themselves to maintain this viewpoint. Obviously, this makes us question whether making references to literal states of authority is actually worthwhile. The individual has a conscience which both conflicts and complements the state/collective consciousness. Linking to the above issue, are governments/collectives always an objective balance? Seemingly, there are corrupt governments; history has shown there to be corruption in the Church and other elements of society that control the individual’s mindset. Yet it is indubitably the case that the mind (and conscience) is always influenced by the society in which it operates. This presents a mind-blowing paradox. Society is not only determined by a central conscience but the conscience of the individual is conversely determined by society. This might then suggest that whatever the case, the sole function that drives societal conditions, indirectly assumes its authority over the individual. J.B Watson – the ‘Father of Behaviourism’ – proposed: â€Å"give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select† 20 He places himself – a core being with societal influence – in an authoritative position over specified individuals. This can be compared with the Freudian idea that the superego develops throughout childhood by external influences. The human being is born with the id; the basis for appetites, eros (sex) and thanatos (death) drives – these drives could interestingly be seen in a belligerently potent rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½le, supporting the idea of appetital authority à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ la Hume. Subsequently, the ego develops; the presentable faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade that we apply to the world; our affections. Then the superego, our reason and conscience; the irrefutable censor of the human mind. It develops throughout childhood. In tandem with the environmental development, or determinism, mentioned above, â€Å"children are completely egoistic; they feel their needs intensely and strive ruthlessly to satisfy them†21. So by this then, we can see that the tripartite, ‘three’; is a consistent literal basis for the presentation of the conscience. I would, however, question whether this is a valuable method by which to present its authority. There are obvious differences between the theories presented by each of these figures; Freud – socio-psychological; Aquinas – religious; Plato – the soul. These differences mean something. For one, each has specific rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½les. Some may apply strictly to societal conscience (Plato’s Republic and Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four), others may apply merely to the individual (Freud and Plato’s ‘Allegory of the Chariot’). It is nonetheless interesting that the tripartite is consistent throughout different periods and cultures. Ultimately, it comes to the point where one must consult Freud’s verdict to prove what these give us, â€Å"analogies, it is true, decide nothing, but they can make on e feel more at home†22. How else, then, can the conscience be interpreted authoritatively and conclusive of how we make ‘ethical decisions’? Put simply, the conscience is an alarm: it is disturbing; it forces the individual to put themselves in uncomfortable situations and concurrently feel the effects of these. Although there are religious sides to this, for example, the threat, â€Å"he who acts against his conscience loses his soul†23, the principal factor here is indeed guilt. Of course, guilt is the one thing that the layman will consider alongside the conscience. Conscience is guilt to many. The objective conscience works by putting the individual at a discomfort, Freud believing that guilt is the consequence of not obeying it. Dostoyevsky provides a fine example of this in his notorious work Crime and Punishment, where the protagonist, Rodion Raskolnikov, experiences continual mental anguish following his homicidal actions. The novel gives the idea of mental demons – â€Å"If he has a conscience he will suffer for his mistake. That will be punishment as well as the prison.†24 Rodion’s shame ultimately forces him to confess. He ‘follows’ his guilty conscience to make an ‘ethical decision’. This issue is also given great attention in Shakespeare’s tragedy, Hamlet, in which the king, Claudius, comes to realise, in retrospect, the implications of his fratricide; â€Å"my stronger guilt defeats my strong intent†25. He is, however, prone to continuing his murderous tendencies. Although this is a literary construction, one might suggest that Claudius reverts to his thanatos drive, the superego not taking precedence. Another interpretation is that he adheres to the belief that you â€Å"perform a sin twice and it will cease to be a crime†26, providing a distinctly self-centred stance. Above all, however, this notion of guilt leads us to question whether the conscience’s precedence actually does entail our reliance on it. If the conscience can be seen to be malicious one might assume it is not all good or a worthy mechanism by which to make ‘ethical decisions’. Should we ‘always’ ‘follow’ our conscience if it occasionally encourages us to impart malevolence towards others? Yet, admittedly, I have placed the conscience, somewhat clumsily, in a potent rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½le by inappropriately treating it as an inanimate transcendent ‘object’. ‘The conscience’ is a misleading phrase – it can not be addressed in literal terms as the above-mentioned figures and I have done so. It is an ambiguous concept; a culmination of ideas, not a figurehead or core being that people must obey. In doing this I have partially neglected the fundamental points initially outlined; those of human response to the conscience, as well as the issue of ‘ethical decisions’. The point is that the human being is its conscience – they work in tandem – yet the individual conscience is contingent on the social conscience and vice versa. It is an eternal cog of human reasoning, working jointly to maintain relations and prevent wrongdoing. There is a deterministic problem associated with this question: if the conscience is a necessary mechanism then seemingly we cannot escape it – ‘always’ following our conscience places it in a more authoritative rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½le than a judicial one. Aquinas, for one, believed that ‘following’ our conscience is ‘always’ right despite it not necessarily entailing good – is this really the kind of mindset we want when making ‘ethical decisions’? If one is to take Hume’s view of appetital dominance, the human essence being the guidance of our nature, we can, to an extent, countermand this. One might argue that the conscience is just a constraint on our essential urges. A constraint on the collective’s blossoming; Sartre asserting that â€Å"we must act out passion before we can feel it†27. Even today in such a complex, interlaced world there is a question over whether our primitive essence would beget greater happiness. Not at all am I suggesting that humans should revert to being primal, nor that happiness should be the human race’s ultimate goal, but, in terms of making ‘ethical decisions’, must one rely on the conscience? Indeed, there is a danger that reliance on appetites would encourage societal and individual regression. Hence, a viable alternative must be suggested. For me, this comes in the form of Social Darwinism (‘survival of the fittest’); that mankind evolves by means of competition, â€Å"the very essence of instinct is that it’s followed independently of reason†28. Darwin appeared to prioritise appetites; using them as a means for societal progression. One might assert that this ideal comes closest to loosening the fetters of both individual conscience and societal restraint, whilst not jeopardising our future. In answering the question, the various examples presented in this essay – of the conscience being dominant in its essence – suggest to me that in any case the conscience deters our ‘decision’-making. Indeed, if we feel by any means constrained we are unable to make pure, objective ‘ethical decisions’, ergo, we should not be subservient to the conscience when making them. 1 Collins Dictionary & Thesaurus: Two books in one, 2004 2 Concise Oxford Dictionary: Tenth Edition, 1999 3 1 Thessalonians 5:23 4 Richard D. Patterson, The Third Day Motif, The Use Of Three In The Bible 5 The Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy 6 Joseph Butler. Class notes. 7 This is addressed further with the issue of guilt later on. 8 Plato, The Republic 9 Plato, Phaedrus 10 This is intended to mean the essence of God, rather than merely ‘god-like’ attributes. 11 Pope’s Letter On Newman 12 David Hume 13 Sir Francis Bacon 14 Joseph Butler 15 Nineteen Eighty-Four, Part 2, Chapter 2 16 Nineteen Eighty-Four, Part 2, Chapter 2 17 Simon Soloveychik, Free Man 18 Spinoza’s Ethics 19 David Hume 20 John B. Watson 21 Sigmund Freud 22 Sigmund Freud 23 Fourth Lateran Council 24 Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Crime and Punishment, Chapter 19 25 Hamlet, Act 3 Scene 3, l. 40 26 Jewish commentary 27 Jean-Paul Sartre 28 Charles Darwin

The Problem Of Immigration Within The United States Essay

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