Prehistoric Mammals

Essay about Whats Bad About Fast Food - 999 Words

The food criteria for are current ages is almost but not the most corrupt evilest plot of everyday food consumption to this planets generation. From known studies it shows the are united states of america has a consumption rate of 40% and above counting the actual printed paper in fast food store’s for everyday work, which then rounds up to about 500 lbs of consumption of paper per year . Not only the big 40% of useage for paper alone but the energy industry is at value of more than 12% use for power and the biggest emitter of greenhouse gases. As ive been studying thoroughly on this topic finding article reviews of fast food restaurants overeading this one from a chick named claire, posted jun 1st 2012. People now a day’s know whats†¦show more content†¦Sad think about are american fast food productions is 8/10 americans to this day say about fast food is served to them monthly as alone or even with family. Eating these foods cause major circulatory system malfunction from not only heart attack diseases but the hidden ingredients that we just accept as a natural disease much claim but it could be the propylene glycol that is continuously sprayed on top of are salads. From my sources of the web a lady named michelle crouch says on november 2012, â€Å"what surprising secrets about your favorite foods better think twice before eating†.. Shown fac ts proven and recorded from this lady saying actually good things about this topic like only as coming in at 11:am to 1:00pm would be the freshest time to be served. Being served extra when not even need like on are chicken in kfc extra butter while cooking for that extra taste and warm love they show us. After these restaurants come to closing time there is usually left over chemical resin from lack of cleaning procedures. From most of these chicken producing companies especially mcdonalds meats. Even the processed patty chicken just for chicken sandwiches have so much chemically infused items like fat trimmings which still has connective tissue separated off the bone. Also known facts showing up equivalently in the past years showing that are nuggets not onlyShow MoreRelatedFast Food Is Bad For Our Health855 Words   |  4 PagesIntro Quick, delicious, and hot that’s all people think when they are getting fast food for them and their family so they went have to cook. You can get fast food almost on every corner of a street and on any continent you go to. Fast food is now starting to invade non fast food eater’s lives by offering so called health items on the menu. Fast food is everywhere and people don’t consider what’s in the fast food they eat. What it could do to our health and why you feel sluggish, and when I go willRead MoreDonT Blame The Eater By David Zinczenko1049 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Dont Blame The Eater,† written by David Zinczenko evokes readers the crucial impact that fast food restaurants have in todays nations youth causing them to be over weight and have type 2ndiabetes. Throughout Zinczenkos argument he makes the reader view the consumer as a victim yet on the other hand, what he is trying to persuade us to believe by using logos,pathos,and ethos in his argument is that the food industry is the one making the nations youth to increase obesity. The capacity of impressiveRead MoreThe Problem With Obesity And Obesity995 Words   |  4 PagesSome are better than others. But one thing is for sure; the nation is in a crisis with obesity. Weight gain is on a rise and more and more of the population is getting bigger and bigger. This can be credited to the nutritional value in the foods we eat. The food we are putting into our bodies is poisoning our population, creating diseases, and killing us one French fry and soda at a time. According to the world health organization at least 2.8 million people die every year from being overweightRead Morefast entertainment1293 Words   |  6 Pages Has Entertainment Taken Over Society? Entertainment has provided society with an escape from reality, which at times may be very stressful and chaotic. Fast entertainment is the center of everyone s day, maybe its music, television, internet, or your cell phone. We are all seeking and craving entertainment all throughout the day. Entertainment today has become a skyrocket business. Mostly everything in our lives has something to do with entertainment. Certain forms of entertainment have overtakenRead MoreFast Food Vs Healthy Food Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesFast food has been an extremely evident food supplier in the past 10 years, so I have decided to investigate further into the fast food world. I am looking into the â€Å"battle† between fast food and healthy food, and why fast food is so cheap compared to healthy food. There’s something about fast food, I have just been so passionate about it, and have always wondered what’s in fast food and why is it so inexpensive. I feel like fast food in gredients and prices should be expressed to the public, in whichRead MoreFast Food in the Cafeteria1347 Words   |  6 PagesFast Food Healthier than Cafeteria food? Many people think that fast food is bad for our health and that it shouldn’t be allowed in school. More healthful options should be promoted but what’s the use of healthy food in school if the kids don’t want to eat it? Nobody least of all adults LIKE eating healthy if given a choice everyone always goes for the fast food.When we eat lunch at school we get the bad end of the stick. they feed us cardboard pizza, meat that isn’t even meat and has beenRead MoreEating Meals For A Healthy Meal945 Words   |  4 Pagesdecision you’re faced with normally about three times each day; what are you going to eat? For some people, their food choice may not be as healthy as others’ and sometimes that’s okay. But with obesity on the rise like it is today, chances are their choice of a fattening meal isn’t going to be the only time they make it that week, let alone that same day. Why would someone choose a fattening meal over a healthy mea l though? Even though they might not even know what’s inside their cheeseburger, sideRead MoreTeenage Athlete Nutrition Essay559 Words   |  3 PagesTeenage Athlete Nutrition Today, our world is filled with food. While some are healthy, it seems like teenagers are more focused on the unhealthy foods. Yes, there are athletic programs; teens are still not eating the right foods they should be. They get the simple, easy to depend on, low cost foods which most likely are from fast food restaurants. Teenagers often pick the easy choice, which is why the obesity rate is rising in our state, including heart attacks and diabetes. Even though it seemsRead MoreIs America Taking it too Far by Blaming Fast Food for High Obesity Rates?937 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica taking it too far by blaming fast food for the obesity rate? After all, It is the individuals choice where, and what to eat, but on another note, fast food restaurants have a very appealing way in getting buyers, and basically tricking society into eating processed junk food that is high in calories and fats. Even though it is the individual’s decision what to eat, fast food is one of the main r easons for obesity. It is cheap, easily accessible, and fast, but it also problem causing and veryRead MoreChanges in the Food Supply Through History811 Words   |  3 PagesFood is any substance that can provide nutritious support for the body. Historically, people get food through two methods: hunting and gathering, and agriculture. Today, most of the food supply consumed by the world population is provided by the food industry. So how has the food changed and what’s wrong with it nowadays? First of all, I would like to start off by talking about the problems with food, and more individually, the food industry. Since technology came, the food industry has really begun

Nietzsche and “The Problem of Socrates” Free Essays

Without a doubt, Nietzsche was one of the great thinkers of his time.   He showed great insight into some of the social ills that existed at his time and sought to find ways in which to correct them.   Like Marx, Nietzsche believed that, to some extent, the root of many social ills came from the division between the classes and with the decadence of those with wealth. We will write a custom essay sample on Nietzsche and â€Å"The Problem of Socrates† or any similar topic only for you Order Now    In the case of the â€Å"problem† of Socrates, Nietzsche moves somewhat beyond the typical Marxist argument and questioned the wisdom of Socrates in other ways.   Although Nietzsche drew extensively from ancient texts to support his arguments about Socrates, the conclusions to which he came were completely modern in their nature. For his first argument, Nietzsche states that all sages have concluded that life is devoid of positive meaning (Nietzsche par. 1).   To support this argument, he cites Socrates’ conclusion that life equals sickness.   Socrates, Nietzsche argues, was not just tired of life himself; rather, his decadence was the symptom of a decline in society himself.   Not only was Socrates a â€Å"great erotic† (Nietzsche par. 8), but he was also an indication of how society itself was decadent. Nietzsche goes on to argue that Socrates was not a wise man at all.   Although it is usual to admire Socrates for his deeply analytical mind, Nietzsche argues that it is the philosopher’s overindulgence in this particular virtue that makes him decadent to begin with.   In fact, Nietzsche argues that Socrates was truly the opposite of everything that he was purported to be, and might not even be Greek at all.   To support these arguments, Nietzsche relies not only the texts that come from the time at which Socrates lived, but also on the writings of scientists, the â€Å"anthropological criminologists,† who argue that criminals are typically ugly people. In the eyes of Nietzsche, it appears that Socrates is not what he appears at first blush at all.   It is well known that Socrates came from the plebian class, but Nietzsche also argues against his ugliness, which appears in both writings on and sculptures of Socrates.   If Socrates was ugly and conventional wisdom at the time during which Nietzsche lived was that criminals are ugly, is it not possible to argue that Socrates was not a great man, but, rather, a criminal? And, because criminals are typically decadent, it is not possible to support, at least by arguments of the times, the statement that Socrates was decadent as well?   If these things are true, then Nietzsche can feel justified in arguing that Socrates was not a great man and that all of the philosophers that followed him through the leadership of Plato were also symptomatic of all that was wrong with Socrates and with his form of reasoning. Where Socrates fails, in the mind of Nietzsche, is in his overwhelming need for and reliance upon reasoning.   Prior to Socrates, Nietzsche points out, argumentation in polite society did not exist in polite society.   In fact, Nietzsche argues, the argumentation that Socrates relied upon was the vanquishing of â€Å"a noble taste† in which people did not live solely by reason, but through personal responsibility and personal morality, through instincts, rather than reason. It is through the writings that come down to this age, in which Socrates is depicted as an ugly man that is ruled solely by reason, that Nietzsche is able to draw his very modern conclusion: man without instincts is a diseased creature who has no desire to live.   Using this argument, Socrates did not bravely face his execution; instead, he wanted to die because he was not true to his instinctive human nature and, thus, had become infected with the decadence brought about by his over-reliance on logic, reason, and morality imposed from an exterior source. All of Nietzsche’s reasoning, of course, is based on his own desires to support his own arguments.   It is not difficult to trace a decline in Greek society over the centuries, but whether this decline is directly correlated with the reason imposed by Socrates and later by Plato it is impossible to say.   Rather, it appears that Nietzsche is making the argument to support his belief that human beings are instinctive creatures that are best when they are overflowing the restrictions imposed by society. Socrates’ form of reasoning, Nietzsche argued, was a last resort of a failing society.   This Socratic reasoning did not so much remove decadence from society as it did simply change that decadence into another form. The removal of instinct from society’s grasp and, in fact, the actual opposition that society had to the instinctive nature of humanity, was the cause of the disease that Socrates personified–at least in Nietzsche’s opinion. At the time that the ancients were writing in praise of Socrates, it was to their benefit to do so.   A new form of society was coming into being and Socrates was the forerunner of the kind of citizen that would populate it.   If Socrates was denigrated in writings during the time at which he lived, it was not because he was decadent or ugly, but because he challenged the society in which he lived. Nietzsche, however, chose to interpret the writings that he studied as proof that Greek society was in decline due to the rise of reason over instinct, which would thus support his argument that the ills and decadence of modern society sprang from the morals and reason that were being imposed upon the world.   In a very real sense, it can be argued that Nietzsche skewed the historical writings he studied to support his modern philosophical statements. Nietzsche argues that as long as reason and external morality is imposed upon society, the people who live within it are diseased and devoid of reasons to live.   He indicates that all of the sages throughout the ages have come to this conclusion, including Socrates, who came to such a conclusion about his own right.   Nietzsche came to very different conclusions than those that were reached by the people upon whose texts he based his reasoning because of his imposing modern values upon the writings of these ancient texts.   By using his own reasoning and the reasoning suggested by then-modern scientists, Nietzsche supported his own agenda that argued against reason and for instinctive humanity. Work Cited Nietzsche, F.   â€Å"The Problem of Socrates.†Ã‚   18 Dec 2007. http://forum.erraticwisdom.com/viewtopic.php?pid=2943. How to cite Nietzsche and â€Å"The Problem of Socrates†, Essay examples

Tata Motors Limited Essay Sample free essay sample

Tata Motors Limited is an Indian transnational automotive corporation headquartered in Mumbai. India. It is the 18th largest motor vehicle fabricating company in the universe by volume. Part of the Tata Group. it was once known as TELCO ( TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company ) . Its merchandises include rider autos. trucks. new waves and managers. Tata Motors is South Asia’s largest car company ; it is the leader in commercial vehicles and among the top three in rider vehicles. Worldwide it is the world’s fourth-largest truck maker and second-largest coach maker. Tata Motors is a cross-listed company ; its stock trades on the Bombay Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange. Tata Motors Limited. India’s largest car company. is the leader by far in commercial vehicles in each section. and the 2nd largest in the rider vehicles market with winning merchandises in the compact. mid-size auto and public-service corporation vehicle sections. The company is the world’s fifth largest medium and heavy commercial vehicle maker. Established in 1945. Tata Motors’ presence so cuts across the length and comprehensiveness of India. Close to 4 million Tata vehicles ply on Indian roads. since the first rolled out in 1954. The company’s fabrication base is spread across Jamshedpur. Pune and Lucknow. supported by a nation-wide franchise. gross revenues. services and trim parts web consisting over 2. 000 touch points. Their one-year turnover last twelvemonth was Rs. 27. 000 crores. The company’s 24. 000 employees are guided by the vision to be best in the mode in which they operate. best in the merchandises they deliver. and best in their value system and moralss. Tata Motors Limited Type: Public companyIndustry Automotive Founded: 1945Founder ( s ) : JRD TataHeadquarterss: Mumbai. Maharashtra. IndiaCardinal people: P. M. Telang. ( MD )Merchandises: Automobiles. Commercial vehiclesGross: US $ 27. 629 billion ( 2011 )Net income: US $ 1. 653 billion ( 2011 )Entire assets: US $ 23. 131 billion ( 2011 )Entire equity: US $ 4. 683 billion ( 2011 )Employees: 53. 151 ( 2011 ) This study is a brief SWOT and STEEPLED analysis of TATA motors. TATA motors is the taking car company of India. and alsohaving a major portion outside the state. To do any company successful it’svery much required to analyze different factors those can act upon company’sperformance. SWOT and STEEPLED covers most of the factors from amanager’s point of position. Through this study we are seeking to demo the strength and failings that are present in the company. What are the chances the companies have? And what are the menaces to the company? Again we are demoing the different factors like political relations. economic system. legal. engineering etc. which are holding influence on the company every bit good as environment. societal. ethical. demographical etc. influence of the company. We have besides covered the actions taken by TATA motors to better some of the Fieldss. Introduction Established under the parent company. Tata Group. in 1945. Tata Motors Limited hasbecome India’s largest car company. It was the first Indian car company to name on the New York Stock Exchange. Tata Motors began fabricating commercial vehicles in 1954 with a 15-year coaction understanding with Daimler Benz of Germany. This partnership has led Tata Motors to non merely go India’s largest car company but besides India’s largest commercial vehicle maker ; the world’s top five industries of medium and heavy trucks and the world’s 2nd largest medium and heavy coach maker. Having merely entered the rider vehicles market section in 1991. Tata Motors now ranks 2nd in India’s rider vehicle market. Tata has enjoyed the prestigiousness of holding developed Tata Ace. India’s foremost autochthonal light commercial vehicle ; Tata Safari. India’s first athleticss public-service corporation vehicle ; Tata Indica. India’sfirs t indigenously manufactured rider auto ; and the Nano. the world’s least expensive auto. SWOT analysis of TATA motors: SWOT analysis ( alternately SLOT analysis ) is a strategic planning method used to measure the Strengths. Weaknesses/Limitations. Opportunities. and Threats involved in a undertaking or in a concern venture. It involves stipulating the aim of the concern venture or undertaking andidentifying the internal and external factors that are favourable and unfavourable to achievethat aim. Strength Strengths Well known trade name with good repute. Planned and smart international scheme. Smart attack in reacting to the market demand. It is the 18th largest motor vehicle fabricating company in the universe. Fast merchandise development ability. Strong client base. The following are the strengths of Tata motors- Strong Domestic participant ( Indian market ) : Tata has a strong presence in India and is a cardinal maker of commercial vehicles. It is a market portion of ~64 % which has about remained changeless. Besides. Tata Motors is India?s largest car maker by gross. Tata Motors Limited is India’s largest car company. with grosss of `1. 23. 133. 30crore in 2010–11. It is the leader in commercial vehicles in each section. and among the top three in rider vehicles in India with merchandises in the compact. midsize auto and public-service corporation vehicle sections. Tata vehicles are sold chiefly in India. and over 4 million Tata vehicles have been produced domestically since the first Tata vehicle was assembled in 1954. It is a demand driven. and customer-oriented. taking attention of customers? penchants and gustatory sensation. Long list of portfolios: Its merchandises include rider autos. trucks. new waves and managers. It is world?s 4th biggest truck manufacturer. it is be sides world?s 2nd biggest coach manufacturer. 5|Page Global Presence Tata Motors has been in the procedure of geting foreign trade names to increase its planetary presence. Through acquisition. Tata has operations in the UK. South Korea. Thailand and Spain. Among these acquisitions is Jaguar Land Rover. a concern consisting two fighting iconic British trade names that was acquired from the Ford Motor Company in 2008. In 2004. Tata acquired the Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company. South Korea?s 2nd largest truck shaper. Today two-thirds of heavy commercial vehicle exports out of South Korea are from Tata Daewoo. Tata Motors has expanded its production and assembly operations to several other states including South Korea. Thailand. South Africa and Argentina and is be aftering to put up workss in Turkey. Indonesia and Eastern Europe. Tata besides has franchisee/joint venture assembly operations in Kenya. Bangladesh. Ukraine. Russia and Senegal. Tata has dealerships in 26 states across 4 continents. Franchise. Gross saless and Service Access: The Company?s franchise. gross revenues. services and trim parts web comprises over 3500 touch points. Research and Development Activities: Tata motors is known as an advanced planetary leader. The company has a really strong R A ; D holding over 3000 applied scientists and scientists. The Engineering Research Centre ( ERC ) in Pune was setup in 1966 and is among the finest in the state. It has been honoured with two esteemed awards – The DSIR National Award for R A ; D Effort in Industry – 1999 and National Award for Successful Commercialisation of Indigenous Technology by an Industrial Concern – 2000. Tata Nano was a recent result from the ERC. The internationalization scheme so far has been to maintain local directors in new acquisitions. and to merely transfer a twosome of senior directors from India into the new market. The benefit is that Tata has been able to interchange expertness. For illustration after the Daewoo acquisition the Indian company leaned work subject and how to acquire the concluding merchandise ‘right first clip. ’ The company has a scheme in topographic point for the following phase of its enlargement. Not merely is it concentrating upon new merchandises and acquisitions. but it besides has a programme of intensive direction development in topographic point in order to set up its leaders for tomorrow. The company has had a successful confederation with Italian mass manufacturer Fiat since 2006. This has enhanced the merchandise portfolio for Tata and Fiat in footings of production and cognition exchange. For illustration. the Fiat Palio Style was launched by Tata in 2007. and the companies have an understanding to construct a pick-up targeted at Central and South America. Failing Low degree of substructure. Lack of experience in certain new sectors. The company’s rider auto merchandises are based upon 3rd and 4th coevals. Despite purchasing the Jaguar and Land Rover brands Tata has non got a bridgehead in the luxury auto section One failing which is frequently non recognised is that in English the word ‘ tata ‘ means rubbish. The following are the failings of tata motors – Tax return on Investment on TATA motors portions in low. Tata motors merchandises are non considered as epicurean. The merchandises are by and large targeted for economic system category instead than for luxury. Hence. the company lacks a strong footmark in the sector of luxury merchandises. Safety criterions are non maintained/ frequently ignored. This has led to decrease of public image of the TATA cars ( eg Tata Nano ) . FRIDAY. APRIL 9. 2010: TATA NANO caught fire Limited consumer base Though Tata is present in many states it has merely managed to make a big consumer base in the Indian Subcontinent. viz. India. Bangladesh. Bhutan. Sri Lanka and Nepal. Tata has a turning consumer base in Italy. Spain and South Africa. Relatively smaller proportion of market portion in Passenger vehicles in India. One failing which is frequently non recognized is that in English the word cheapness means rubbish. Would the trade name sensitive British consumer of all time purchase into such a trade name? The companys rider auto merchandises are based upon 3rd and 4th coevals platforms. which put Tata Motors Limited at a disadvantage with viing auto makers. The company’s rider auto merchandises are based upon 3rd and 4th coevals platforms. which put Tata Motors Limited at a disadvantage with viing auto makers. Despite purchasing the Jaguar and Land Rover brands ; Tata has non got a bridgehead in the luxury auto section in its domestic. Indian market. Is the trade name associated with commercial vehicles and low-priced rider autos to the extent that it has isolated itself from moneymaking sections in a more aspirant India? One failing which is frequently non recognised is that in English the word ‘tat’ means rubbish. Would the trade name sensitive British consumer of all time purchase into such a trade name? Possibly non. but they would purchase into Fiat. Jaguar and Land Rover ( see chances and strengths ) . Opportunity Two of the World’s luxury auto trade name land wanderer and panther have been added to its portfolio of trade names. Nano is the cheapest auto in the World – retailing at little more than a minibike. New long awaited merchandises. Govt. support. Emerging high market demand for rider autos at low cost. The company has put in topographic point a really proactive Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) . In the summer of 2008 Tata Motors announced that it had successfully purchased the Land Rover and Jaguar trade names from Ford Motors for UK ?2. 3 million. Two of the Worlds luxury auto trade name have been added to its portfolio of trade names. and will doubtless off the company the opportunity to market vehicles in the luxury sections. Tata Motors Limited acquired Daewoo Motors Commercial vehicle concern in 2004 for around USD $ 16 million. Nano is the cheapest auto in the World – retailing at little more than a minibike. Whilst the World is acquiring ready for gr eener options to gas-guzzlers. is the Nano the reply in footings of construct or trade name? By the way. the new Land Rover and Jaguar theoretical accounts will be up to 85 times more than a standard Nano! The new planetary path platform is about to be launched from its Korean ( antecedently Daewoo ) works. Again. at a clip when the World is looking for environmentally friendly conveyance options. is now the right clip to travel into this section? The reply to this inquiry ( and the one above ) is that new and rising industrial states such as India. South Korea and China will hold a thirst for low-priced rider and commercial vehicles. These are the chances. However the company has put in topographic point a really proactive Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) commission to turn to possible schemes that will do is operations more sustainable. The scope of Super Milo fuel efficient coachs are powered by super-efficient. eco-friendly engines. The coach has optional organic clasp with booster aid and better air consumptions that will cut down fuel ingestion by up to 10 % . I n the summer of 2008 Tata Motor’s announced that it had successfully purchased the Land Rover and Jaguar trade names from Ford Motors for UK ?2. 3 million. Two of the World’s luxury auto trade name have been added to its portfolio of trade names. and will doubtless off the company the opportunity to market vehicles in the luxury sections. Tata Motors Limited acquired Daewoo Motor’s Commercial vehicle concern in 2004 for around USD $ 16 million. Nano is the cheapest auto in the World – retailing at little more than a minibike. Whilst the World is acquiring ready for greener options to gas-guzzlers. is the Nano the reply in footings of construct or trade name? By the way. the new Land Rover and Jaguar theoretical accounts will be up to 85 times more than a standard Nano! The new planetary path platform is about to be launched from its Korean ( antecedently Daewoo ) works. Again. at a clip when the World is looking for environmentally friendly conveyance options. is now the right clip to travel into this section? The reply to this inquiry ( and the one above ) is that new and rising industrial states such as India. South Korea and China will hold a thirst for low-priced rider and commercial vehicles. These are the chances. However the company has put in topographic point a really proactive Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) commission to turn to possible schemes that will do is operations more sustainable. The scope of Super Milo fuel efficient coachs are powered by super-efficient. eco-friendly engines. The coach has optional organic clasp with booster aid and better air consumptions that will cut down fuel ingestion by up to 10 % . Menace High degree of competition. Sustainability and environmentalism. Down bend of universe economic system. Oil lifting monetary values. Other viing auto makers have been in the rider auto concern for 40. 50 or more old ages. Therefore Tata Motors Limited has to catch up in footings of quality and thin production. Environmental Regulation: Sustainability and environmentalism could intend excess costs for this low-priced manufacturer. This could impact its underpinning competitory advantage. Obviously. as Tata globalizes and bargains into other trade names this job could be alleviated. Intense competition: Since the company has focused upon the commercial and little vehicle sections. it has left itself unfastened to competition from abroad companies for the emerging Indian luxury sections. For illustration ICICI bank and DaimlerChrysler have invested in a new Pune-based works which will construct 5000 new Mercedes-Benz per annum. Other participants developing luxury autos targeted at the Indian market include Ford. Honda and Toyota. In fact the full Indian market has become a mark for other planetary rivals including MarutiUdyog. General Motors. Ford and others. Soon. Tata Motors face intense competition from its domestic every bit good as foreign rivals including General Motors. Honda Motor. MarutiUdyog. Mitsubishi Motors. Fiat. Ford and so on. Competition is expected to escalate farther as Indian car makers obtain greater entree to debt and equity funding in the international capital markets or derive entree to more advanced engineering through confederations. Additionally. in recent old ages. the authorities of India has permitted automatic blessings for foreign equity ownership of up to 100 % in entities fabricating vehicles and constituents in India. Rising cost of fabrication: Rising monetary values in the planetary economic system could present a menace to Tata Motors Limited on a twosome of foreparts. The monetary value of steel and aluminium is increasing seting force per unit area on the costs of production. Many of Tatas merchandises run on Diesel fuel which is going expensive globally and within its traditional place market. Low safety criterions can halter the public trusts it has already attained which may turn out fatal to its domestic market. . Sustainability and environmentalism could intend excess costs for this low-priced manufacturer. This could impact its underpinning competitory advantage. Obviously. as Tata globalises and bargains into other trade names this job could be alleviated. Since the company has focused upon the commercial and little vehicle sections. it has left itself unfastened to competition from abroad companies for the emerging Indian luxury sections. For illustration ICICI bank and DaimlerChrysler have invested in a new Pune-based works which will construct 5000 new Mercedes-Benz per annum. Other participants developing luxury autos targeted at the Indian market include Ford. Honda and Toyota. In fact the full Indian market has become a mark for other planeta ry rivals including MarutiUdyog. General Motors. Ford and others. Rising monetary values in the planetary economic system could present a menace to Tata Motors Limited on a twosome of foreparts. The monetary value of steel and aluminum is increasing seting force per unit area on the costs of production. Many of Tata’s merchandises run on Diesel fuel which is going expensive globally and within its traditional place market. STEEPLED analysis of TATA motors. STEEPLED is abbreviation for Social. Technological. Education. Cultural. Political. Legal. Economic and Demographic factors. STEEPLED analysis is a agency of carry oning a scan of an organization’s external environment. with peculiar mention to the hereafter and any alterations that may come about. The intent of STEEPLED is to place factors that may impact on the services. clients ( or Patients ) . merchandises. markets. staff. profitableness. etc. of the administration. SOCIAL ANALYSIS Social factors include the cultural facets and include wellness consciousness. population growing rate. age distribution. calling attitudes and accent on safety. Tendencies in societal factors affect the demandfor a company’s merchandises and how that company operates. For illustration. an aging population may connote a smaller and less-willing work force ( therefore increasing the cost of labor ) . Furthermore. companies may alter assorted direction schemes to accommodate to these societal tendencies ( such as enrolling older workers ) . Undoubtedly. the beliefs. sentiments. and general attitude of all the stakeholders in a company will impact how good a company performs. This includes every stakeholder from the CEO and President. down to the line-workers who screw the door panel into topographic point. from the investor to the client. the civilization and attitude of all these people will finally find the hereafter of a company and whether they will be profitable or non. For this ground. Tata Motors tends to utilize an integrating and seldom separation technique with foreign companies they get. On the other manus. some economic issues that Tata Motors face must besides be looked at from a more localised position. For case. the market in India for autos is much different than the market for autos in Italy. For one. India has over one billion more people than Italy does. therefore the market is much larger or non as limited. Second. you must besides take into consequence the demographics and the mean income of each market. Italians have a higher mean income per capita than Indians and Italian citizens tend to drive larger and fancier autos. For this ground. the Tata Nano might non make so good in the Italian market. In summing up. Tata Motors views the economic system from a planetary position with operations across the full Earth. However. they must besides keep a local market apprehension and cognition when it comes to merchandise placement and arrangement throughout the different markets Tata conducts concern in. In 2004. Tata Motors acquired Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company. which was at the clip Korea’s second largest truck shaper. Rather than utilizing de-culturation or absorbing Daewoo. Tata took an incorporate attack. and continued edifice and selling Daewoo’s current theoretical accounts every bit good as presenting a few new theoretical accounts globally merely as it had been done under Korean direction. With the new acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover. Tata will hold to be careful with how theyhandle the acquisition. While Land Rover is booming while under the helm of Ford. Jaguar was moreof the problem kid. â€Å"Jaguar cost Ford some $ 10 billion during its 18-year stewardship and its saleswere in hasty diminution. particularly in America. its most of import market. Industry analysts alsostruggled to see what value Tata could add that had eluded Ford. and what synergisms there could be between a shaper of trucks and basic autos and two luxury marquees† . Separation could be a good attack for the immediate hereafter to maintain the name of Jaguar and Land Rover distinguishable and associated with the luxury car market. Overall. Tata does a good occupation of incorporating some facets of their big multi-national pudding stone into new acquisitions ; nevertheless. the company must besides understand that separation from the name Tata can be valuable in some societal countries . Safety has been a concern for Tata Motors and the Company is taking stairss to cut down the hurts and accidents. All Tata Motors fabricating units. including the new fabrication unit atUttarakhand are certified under Occupational Health and Safety Standards 18801 ( OHSAS 18001. 2007 version ) . OHSAS 18001 is an Occupation Health and Safety Assessment Series for wellness and safety direction systems. It is intended to assist an organisation to command occupational wellness and safety hazards. It was developed by the Government of India in response to widespread demand for a recognized criterion against which to be certified and assessed. In add-on. Tata Motors fabricating unit at Pune has been certified Social Accountability 8000compliant. Clause No. 3 of the SA 8000 pertains to occupational wellness and safety. A Zero Accident Plan was launched in 2007-08. wherein country ownership was developed by squads consisting of direction and supervisory class workers called Bay Owners. The B ay Owners met twice a hebdomad and conducted cross audits and organized consciousness edifice programmes. Technical Analysis: Tata Motors and its parent company. the Tata Group. are in front of the game in the engineering field. The Tata Group as a whole has over 20 publically listed endeavors and operates in more than 80countries global. This equates to Tata Motors holding tonss of experience and resources to pull from for research and development intents. Ratan Tata says that â€Å"The foundation of the company’sgrowth is a deep apprehension of economic stimulations and client demands. and the ability to interpret them into customer-desired offerings through taking border R A ; D† . Using 1. 400 scientists and applied scientists. Tata Motors? Research and Development squad is in front of the battalion in India’s market and right with the remainder of the field internationally. Among Tata’s number ones areâ€Å"the foremost indigenously developed Light Commercial Vehicle. India’s first Sports Utility Vehicle and. in 1998. the Tata Indica. India’s foremost to the full autochthonal rider auto. † every bit good as the progressively celebrated Tata Nano. which is projected to be the world’s cheapest production auto. In the automotive industry. it is going progressively important for makers to remain on top of the engineering curve with new jobs ever lifting such as intensifying gas monetary values and pollution jobs recognizes this and dedicates tonss of resources and clip into research and development to be evenwith or sooner in front of other rivals. planetary tendencies. and altering economic systems. In all. an car maker must alter. adapt. and germinate to remain competitory in the automotive game. and this is precisely what Tata is making with their rapid growing. and extended research anddevelopment. India’s merely certified crash trial installation for autos and hemi anechoic chamber for proving of noise and quiver is owned by Tata motors. Tata Motors European Technical Centre ( TMETC ) was set up in2005. which is chiefly involved in design technology and development of merchandises. back uping Tata Motors skill sets. Approximately 2 % of the one-year net incomes of the company inv ested in research and development. Tata established extended paradigm edifice and proving installations in each works. On May 11th of every twelvemonth. â€Å"Technology Day† organized across all Tata works locations. Tata Motors has the lone world-class clang installation in Asia outside Korea and Japan. It has developed an A-ECU ( Electronic Control Unit ) and low-priced accoutrements that would efficaciously pull off critical engine and vehicle systems without naming for a fully fledged and expensive conventional ECU. The company is striding towards new emanation criterions. It is be aftering to fit vehicles of the hereafter with engineerings for bettering communicating. pilotage and amusement. One-CAT [ Compressed Air Technology ] conceptual auto with fibre glass is powered by air and it is emission free. which is an illustration of Tata’s technological research. Another illustration is â€Å"Tata Nano† . which is a metropolis auto manufactured by Tata Motors. It was a consequence of taking at â€Å"Production of more from less investing for more people† . It is the smallest every bit good as lowest powered ( 624cc ) autos in the World ; it was designed to be the cheapest auto in India aimed chiefly at the lowest monetary value section in the Indian domesticmarket. Tata motors has strategic partnership with Motor Development International ( a Gallic company planing compressed air auto paradigms marketed under the rubric â€Å"the Air car† ) . and Ford for executing research to develop new automotive engineerings. Furthermore. they will hold to come up with intercrossed and electric autos to vie with the already strong competition of the market. There are already some large participants. among them Chevrolet. which will be let go ofing its Chevrolet Spark in the hereafter. with intercrossed and all-electric theoretical accounts. Tata motors should give more importance tor A ; D in order to develop extremely efficient automotive engineering at an optimum cost. The new merchandise debut [ NPI ] procedure followed by Tata motors fo r developing a new merchandise and let go ofing into market can be seen in the below figure. The gait of new merchandise development has quickened through this organisation broad structured New Product Introduction ( NPI ) procedure. The procedure with its formal construction for presenting new vehicles in the market brings in greater subject in undertaking executing. The NPI procedure helped Tata Motors create a new section by establishing the Tata Ace. India’s first mini-truck. Economic Analysis: Operating in legion states across the universe. Tata Motors maps with a planetary economic position while concentrating on each single market. Because Tata is in a rapid growing period. spread outing or organizing a joint venture in over five states global since 2004. a planetary attack enables Tata Motors to accommodate and larn from the many different parts within the whole automotive industry. They have experience and resources from five continents across the Earth. therefore when any variable alterations in the market they can garner information and resources from all over the universe to turn to any issues. For case. if the monetary value of the Aluminiumrequired to do engine blocks goes up in Kenya. Tata has the option to acquire the aluminum from other providers in Europe or Asia who they would usually acquire from for production in Ukraine or Russia. Tata Motors besides has to pay close attending to displacements in currency rates throughout the universe. Currency fluctuation s can compare to higher or lower demands for Tata vehicles which in bend affect profitableness. It can besides intend a rise in costs or a bead in returns. But they besides have to pay attending to non merely the domestic currency. the rupee. but besides to the dollar. euro and lb. to merely call a few. Attention to currency is of import because it influences where capital investing will develop and thrive. In the instance of Tata Motors. and the creative activity of the Nano and One CAT [ Compressed Air engineering ] from a line of service and military vehicles provide a assortment of different ways for other companies every bit good as other industries to capitalise on the success that Tata has realized. Tata Motors integrates the direction. plans. and cognition of the concerns it buys out. Tata Motors places heavy investing into research and development. Tata has succeeded in turning. profiting. and cut downing costs in developing markets for over half a century. Over 6. 5 million Tata vehicles ply on Indian roads. since the first rolled out in 1954. The company fabricating base in India is dispersed across Jamshedpur ( Jharkhand ) . Pune ( Maharashtra ) . Lucknow ( Uttar Pradesh ) . Pantnagar ( Uttarakhand ) . Sanand ( Gujarat ) and Dharwad ( Karnataka ) . Following astrategic confederation with Fiat in 2005. it has set up an industrial joint venture with Fiat Group Automobiles at Ranjangaon ( Maharashtra ) to bring forth both Fiat and Tata autos and Fiat powertrains. Thecompany’s franchise. gross revenues. services and trim parts web comprises over 3. 500 touch points ; Tata Motors besides distributes and markets Fiat branded autos in India. Tata Motors. the first company from India’s technology sector to be listed in the New York Stock Exchange ( September 2004 ) . has besides emerged as an international car company. Through subordinates and associate companies. Tata Motors has operations in the UK. South Korea. Thailand. Spain and South Africa. Among them is Jaguar Land Rover. a concern consisting the two iconic British trade names that was acquired in 2008. JLR supports two province of the art technology and design installations and three fabrication workss ( Solihull. Castle Bromwich A ; Halewood ) in the UK. In 2004. Tata Motors acquired the Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company. South Koreas second largest truck shaper. The rechristened Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company has launched several new merchandises in the Korean market. while besides exporting these merchandises to several international markets. Today two-thirds of heavy commercial vehicle exports out of South Korea are from Tata Daewoo. In 2005. Tata Motors acquired a 21 % interest in Hispano Carrocera. a reputed Spanish coach and manager maker. and later the staying interest in 2009. Hispresence is being expanded in other markets. In 2006. Tata Motors formed a joint venture with the Brazil-based Marcopolo. a planetary leader in body-building for coachs and managers to fabricate fully-built coachs and managers for India and choice international markets. In 2006. Tata Motors entered into joint venture with Thonburi Automotive Assembly Plant Company of Thailand to fabricate and market the company’s pickup vehicles in T hailand. The new works of Tata Motors ( Thailand ) has begun production of the Xenon pickup truck. with the Xenon holding been launched in Thailand in2008. Tata Motors ( SA ) ( Proprietary ) Ltd. . Tata Motors joint venture with Tata Africa Holding ( Pty ) Ltd. . has its assembly works in South Africa at Rosslyn. North of Pretoria. in the Gauteng state of South Africa. The works can piece. from semi knocked down ( SKD ) kits. visible radiation. medium and heavy commercial vehicles runing from 4 – 50 dozenss. Tata Motors is besides spread outing its international footmark. established through exports since 1961. Thecompany’s commercial and passenger vehicles are already being marketed in several states all over the universe. It has franchisee/joint venture assembly operations in Bangladesh. Ukraine. and Senegal. Tata will hold to accommodate its scheme on the economic degree. from the point of position of the consumers. but besides internally. They will hold to cover with exchang e rates. rising prices. and GDP tendencies. For illustration. with the recent economic crisis. there has been a important lessening in auto retail. When theGDP is low and belts are being tightened. it is likely non be the best clip to come in a new market. However. since they have an of import competitory advantage with its pricing scheme. it could assist them and could be the best pick for American consumers with lower budget. In the same tendency. alow GDP brings unemployment. therefore Tata might desire to put up a mill and use former autoworkers who have been laid off. These car workers have experience and are inquiring for more occupations in their industry. This environment could make a win-win state of affairs for both Tata and the workers. Tata Motors. like its parent company Tata Group. has much knowledge and understanding in working in developing markets and states. Companies sing spread outing into developing markets should see organizing a joint venture or partnership with any of Tata Group’s legion industri es. The cognition transportation can salvage clip and money and farther guarantee a more successful enlargement.

Farewell Party free essay sample

Farewell Party It is normally said that the prime time in the life of anyone is the time that he spends in school. This is, undoubtedly, golden age, which he recollects sentimentally for the rest of his life. And this golden era came to an end on 2nd February 2012, which happened to be my last day at school. It was the time to leave my school forever, where I had spent past ten years of my life. The farewell took place in a huge hall, jazzed up with strips of multi-colored paper, balloons and gaudy lights.The seats were organized in an arc. There were chairs for faculty and other inmates of the school. Though there was an aura of euphoria and exhilaration, yet it was tinged with an air of misery and despair. All students were dressed formally. In the span of a decade, this was the first instance that I wasnt wearing my school uniform. We will write a custom essay sample on Farewell Party or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though sad, but feeling excited, we all occupied our seats and the function started. On the onset, there was the ceremony of lighting the lamp which was initiated by theHeadmaster of our school. Then the Juniors hosted a party in our privilege. It included tempting and delicious dishes and refreshments. After the party, different entertaining programs were held for our delight by the hosts. Finally, we took the stage to express our feelings about the school and our experience of studying here while other students and faculty members were served with appetizer and snacks. Along with the delicacies, tea was also offered. Afterwards, the Principal and the teachers delivered their speeches In English and Urdu. They commended us that we should keep the name and stature of our school. They advised us that we should never forget our alma mater. Finally they all wished us a successful life. Then we took a group photograph with our Juniors and then our faculty members. Afterwards we took autographs of our beloved teachers. At the end, we said goodbye to each other hoping to meet again.

Explaining Glasnost and Perestroika

Explaining Glasnost and Perestroika When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union in March 1985, the country had already been steeped in oppression, secrecy, and suspicion for over six decades. Gorbachev wanted to change that. Within his first few years as general secretary of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev instituted the policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring), which opened the door to criticism and change. These were revolutionary ideas in the stagnant Soviet Union and would ultimately destroy it. What Was Glasnost? Glasnost, which translates to openness in English, was General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachevs policy for a new, open policy in the Soviet Union where people could freely express their opinions. With glasnost, Soviet citizens no longer had to worry about neighbors, friends, and acquaintances turning them into the KGB for whispering something that could be construed as criticism of the government or its leaders. They no longer had to worry about arrest and exile for a negative thought against the State. Glasnost allowed the Soviet people to reexamine their history, voice their opinions on governmental policies, and receive news not pre-approved by the government. What Was Perestroika? Perestroika, which in English translates to restructuring, was Gorbachevs  program to restructure the Soviet economy in an attempt to revitalize it. To restructure, Gorbachev decentralized the controls over the economy, effectively lessening the governments role in the decision-making processes of individual enterprises. Perestroika also hoped to improve production levels by bettering the lives of workers, including giving them more recreation time and safer working conditions. The overall perception of work in the Soviet Union was to be changed from corruption to honesty, from slacking to hard work. Individual workers, it was hoped, would take a personal interest in their work and would be rewarded for helping to better production levels. Did These Policies Work? Gorbachevs policies of glasnost and perestroika changed the fabric of the Soviet Union. It allowed citizens to clamor for better living conditions, more freedoms, and an end to Communism.   While Gorbachev had hoped his policies would revitalize the Soviet Union, they instead destroyed it. By 1989, the Berlin Wall fell and by 1991, the Soviet Union disintegrated. What had once been a single country, became 15 separate republics.

Evaluation of Safety-Critical Software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Evaluation of Safety-Critical Software - Essay Example To that end, there were several attempts to measure the dependability of safety-critical software. Similarly, Harlan Mills and his colleagues had developed a process called â€Å"clean room† that utilized independent testing groups to act as end users of programmable devices and were said to generate reliable results than the common practice of software professionals who performed a series of carefully planned tests to measure the reliability of their owned inventions. All things considered, an exhaustive mathematical test, not only based on intuitive reasoning, must be conducted to ensure the trustworthiness of safety-critical software. Programmable computers are tools that provide convenience to the end users, however, devices that are controlled by safety-critical software can threaten lives of people, as well. To that end, an extreme discipline in design in the making is needed. Data and related information should be laid out in a way that it could be easily comprehended by an independent group of testers. That is to say that â€Å"clean room† as developed by Harlan Mills and company must be applied to prevent unbiased results. Human errors often occurred, especially when software professionals would try to self-assist their own works. With this in mind, why engineers had chosen software instead of hardware? In the first place, software components were less expensive than hard-wired logic. These components were massed produced. Secondly, logic, in theory, that was implemented on software could be easily changed than of the one implemented on the hard-wired device. Lastly, software is more flexible than of non-computerized system. For instance, the modern computer technology could provide more information to the end users in a more convenient manner. Less space and power were needed to produce this information.

Re-negotiations in PPP Transport Infrastructure Essay

Re-negotiations in PPP Transport Infrastructure - Essay Example The paper tells that there is the tendency of national governments to incorporate the public-private partnerships (PPP) to provide and upgrade infrastructures, as well as public services. Talk of light rails, upgraded electric railway system, mainland road and main highways, as well as port facilities, are just but some of the projects the private sector is getting substantially involved in, conjunction with the public and local authorities to enhance service delivery in the transport system. Majority of these engagements are made effective via a group of diverse companies and contractual concessions. According to Smith the Principal refers to the one responsible for granting a concession and the ultimate owner of the facility after transfer. They are mostly government agencies, or regulate monopolies. On the other hand, the promoter is the organization that is granted the concession to build, own, operate and transfer a facility. In the course of project contractual engagements and project work, the companies and contractual concessions are faced by serious shortcomings calling for renegotiations. According to Estache and Rus, one crucial consideration that is made during the drafting of a concession contract, is that, during all probability of the life of contract, some unpredicted circumstances will arise forcing the parties of the contract to renegotiate. The statement is truly relevant in cases of concession contracts. The logic behind this is due to the long period of the contract, thus making it anticipate all possible contingencies unfeasible for either of the parties. On the same note, unforeseen contingencies also occur as a result of concession contracts for port facilities and relate to expensive fixed assets that are easily removable and redeployed to a different location (Gomez-Ibanez and Meyer 1993). Renegotiations occur in developing and developed countries alike. Gomez-Inbanez and Meyer (1993) analysed transport concessions in industrialised co untries and made out that renegotiations are remarkably common. Renegotiation of a concession contract is probably the rule and not the exception, and they should not be perceived as a failure (Peter, Kuyper and Candolle 1995). Due to concession contracts being essentially long-life documents, the parties are not in a position to foresee all possible future contingencies at the moment of the contract drafting. Thereby, this should be noted in advance, and the parties ought to consider several future conflict scenarios and put in place provisions for inclusion of at least basic renegotiations rules. Nevertheless, it is critical for the concessionaire to avoid renegotiation at an early stage as it may place in jeopardy the credibility, transparency, and fairness of the bidding process (Estache and Rus 2000). Contracts are mainly renegotiated within a few years after official contractual signing and results into better contractual terms for the contract holders (promoters). The princip le and the promoter are crucial entities in the signing and effectual implementation of the contracts to the project (Smith 2002). This paper aims at evaluating the principle and the promoter in renegotiations regarding public-private partnerships concession contracts, in regard to transport infrastructure. Further, equitable renegotiations are imperative to the realisation of the completion of the project in question. This paper also aims at evaluating how to achieve equitable renegotiations, which offer superb value to both the principle and promoter. The contractual renegotiation is effective in the reduction of contract incompetence; conversely, a poor design of these can allow for opportunistic behavior by the concessionaries. Thus, there is

PURCHASING PRACTICES assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

PURCHASING PRACTICES - Assignment Example If the exchange rate is unfavorable, there is a likelihood that we may be forced to cancel any purchases or reduce the quantities purchased. In purchasing commodities from China, we will need to adjust the value of the items for inflation both in China and in Canada. This could significantly adjust the value of the items. China and Canada have different cultures and trade practices. Business etiquette in China is heavily based on Chinese culture and if we are to complete and business, we have to adhere to the rules of engagement. China’s government has a significant say on the manner that business is conducted within the country. At the moment, there is a relatively open policy that encourages international businesses to engage in business transactions with their local companies. It is thus expected that we will face little opposition from the authorities if we were to purchase the items from a Chinese supplier. Furthermore, there are reduced tariffs on purchases made from china and this should help reduce the cost of the purchases

Inventory Management in a Multinational Company

Inventory Management in a Multinational Company Inventory may be desirable, even necessary, for smooth operation and good customer service in many situations. For instance, inventory can be used to reduce the lead time to respond to customer demand, to smooth out the production rate when there are variations in demand, and to protect the company from underestimates of demand (forecast errors) or shortage of supply. Reasons such as these, plus the fact that inventory is considered an asset on a companys balance sheet, have led many companys to carry excessive amounts of inventory. Some companies for example, the Japanese manufacturer Toyota, have become known for their ability to operate with low inventories and to achieve a high inventory turnover. (Inventory turnover is basically the ratio of sales to the average inventory level, both measured at cost or retail price.) The Japanese approach is to keep in process inventory low and to achieve quick flow of the product through the production cycle. Being able to respond quickly to d emand, companies can work from a shorter range forecast, which is more accurate, so they need less safety stock to protect from uncertainty. [1] 2. Aims and objectives Inventory management is an important concern for managers in all types of businesses. For companies that operate on relatively low profit margins, poor inventory management can seriously undermine the business. The challenge is not to pare inventories to the bone to reduce costs or to have plenty around to satisfy all demands, but to have the right amount to achieve the competitive priorities for the business most efficiently. [2] Aims and objectives of this thesis are as follows: Deciding where to position inventory Determining when to replenish inventory Calculating how much to order Determining the placement of safety stock Refacilitating the use of business resources for profitable business results Ensuring the target level of inventory is available to support demand. 3. INVENTORY Inventory is defined as the stock of any item or resource used in organization [3]. An inventory system is a collection of people, equipment and procedures that function to keep account of the quantity of each item in inventory and to determine which items to buy or produce in what quantities and at what times. Even very simple method that accomplishes these functions cost money to operate. Some inventory system requires transaction reporting to keep track of every instance in which units are added to or taken from the existing inventory. This perpetual inventory records can be expensive, but the additional expense can be justified for products that are relatively expensive to hold in inventory 3. 1. CYCLE INVENTORY The portion of total inventory that varies directly with lot size, is called cycle inventory. Determining how frequently to order, and in what quantity, is called lot sizing, two principles apply. The lot size, Q, varies directly with the elapsed time (or cycle) between orders. If a lot is ordered every five weeks, the average lot size must equal five weeks demand. The longer the time between orders for a given item, the greater the cycle inventory. At the beginning of the interval, the cycle inventory is at its maximum or Q. at the end of the interval, just before a new lot arrives, cycle inventory drops to its minimum, or 0. the average cycle inventory is the average of these two extremes: Average cycle inventory = This formula is exact only when the demand rate is constant and uniform. However, it does provide a reasonably good estimate even when demand rates are not constant. Factors other than the demand rate also may cause estimating errors when this simple formula is used. 3.2. SAFETY STOCK INVENTORY To avoid customer service problems and the hidden costs of unavailable components, company holds safety stocks. Safety stocks inventory protects against uncertainties in demand, lead-time, and supply. Safety stocks are desirable when suppliers fail to deliver the desired quantity on the specified date with acceptable quality or when manufactured items have significant amounts of scrap or rework. Safety stock inventory ensures that operations are not disrupted when such problem occur, allowing subsequent operations to continue. Figure 1: Various types of Inventory To create safety stock, a farm places an order for delivery earlier than when the item is typically needed. The replenishment order therefore arrives ahead of time, giving a cushion against uncertainty. Inventory used to absorb uneven rates of demand or supply, which businesses often face, is referred to as anticipation inventory. Predictable, seasonal demand patterns lead themselves to the use of anticipation inventory. Anticipation inventory also can help when supply, rather than demand, is uneven. A company may stock up on a certain purchased item if its suppliers are threatened with a strike or have severe capacity limitations. 3.3. ANTICIPATION INVENTORY Inventory used to absorb uneven rates of demand or supply, which businesses often face, is referred to as anticipation inventory. Predictable, seasonal demand patterns lead themselves to the use of anticipation inventory. Anticipation inventory also can help when supply, rather than demand, is uneven. A company may stock up on a certain purchased item if its suppliers are threatened with a strike or have severe capacity limitations. 3.4. PIPELINE INVENTORY Inventory moving from point to point in the materials flow systems called pipeline inventory. Materials move from suppliers to a plant, from one operation to the next in the plant, from the plant to a distribution center for customer, and from the distribution center to a retailer. Pipeline inventory consists of orders that have been placed but not yet received. Pipeline inventory between two points, for either transportation or production, ca be measured as the average demand during lead time, , which is the average demand for the item period (d) times the number of periods in the items lead time (L) to move between the two points, or Pipeline Inventory = = dL. [2] 4. BATB Inventory Management There are some standard management theories as we described earlier in chapter two. The operational environment varies firms to firms, companies to companies. Based on the different varying conditions most companies do manage the inventory at their own. They do not follow exactly what the theory implies but analyzing the theories they go for the decisions that suit them most effectively and efficiently. The goal should not be to minimize inventory or to maximize customer service but rather to have the right amount to support the competitive priorities of the company. 4.1. BATB Inventory System BATB inventory system can be compared with a two-bin system in which an items inventory is stored at two different locations. Inventory is first withdrawn from one-bin. The two-bin system implies that if the first bin is empty, the second bin provides backup to cover demand until a reenlistment arrives [2]. BATB has the flexibility to locate their inventory at different points from supplier to warehouse at supplier premises which is very good advantage for a company. The demand manager and the MPS manager reviews the inventory positions on the daily basis and then go for receiving the lot from the pipeline inventory. This indicates that they are maintaining the pipeline inventory. It helps them reduce the lot size to be stocked at warehouse. BATB Inventory includes: Finished goods Bled sets Filter rods Wrapping materials Leaf Tax stamps Bandle rolls The study is mainly focused on the leaf. Because this is the major concern in any cigarette manufacturing company as it holds the maximum cycle time. We will work with the raw materials inventory. Mainly BATB has two types of materials. These are wrapping material and Tobacco. They receive raw materials from both local and foreign suppliers. Foreign suppliers are mainly from Brazil, Argentina, Canada, South Africa and Zimbabwe. For local suppliers average lead-time is 10 to 15 days and for the foreign suppliers lead-time is 90 to 120 days. Leaf is supplied by both the local and foreign supplier. But ignoring the local leaf as it takes less time, we will take the imported leaf in account to analyze. Leaf Strategy Leaf is an agricultural plant, which must be cultivated, and it needs certain period to get matured. Therefore the ordering policy of leaf is very time consuming. They have to place the order very early of the time it is needed to arrive. Suppose they need 1000-ton leaf in the month of April 2008, they inform their supplier right now that is in the month of April 2007, so that they can cultivate the leaf and then deliver. In addition, it is to be mentioned that just after the arrival in the warehouse the leaf is not as ready as to be used for production. It goes under another certain period of time for maturation and then is under for production. But if we talk about the lead-time it will include only the days between order placements to arrival at warehouse. 5. SAFETY STOCK Usually one does not know precisely the number of units that will be demanded each day during the lead-time. The duration of lead-time may have unexplained or unexpected variation. Demand can be thought of a probabilistic variable with some expected amount of demand during a period of time and unexplained variations about the expected value. If inventory could be replenished one a moments notice there would be no reason to be concerned about demand uncertainty. Whenever inventory reached zero, stock would be held again. With some lead time between the placement of an order an its arrival, however there is a chance that demand will be greater than expected and loss will be incurred due to stockout. When stockout costs are high and demand is very unpredictable, the financial risk is sizable. Safety stock is a means of protection against this risk. Safety stock (SS) is established simply by raising the reorder level above the expected lead-time demand. For probabilistic demand during le ad-time, the reorder level is given by the following equation where represents the mean demand per unit of time. [1] RL= ( ÃÆ'- LT) + SS Safety stock is the average amount one hand when replenishment orders arrive. Sometime demand during the lead-time is less than expected extra stock is on hand. Sometimes demand is greater than expected and some of the safety stock is used. 6. Methodology Step 1: Conducting a primary survey. Step 2: Preparing primary questionnaire Step 3: Modification of the questionnaire Open-ended questions: This type of questions found out the view of the decisions makers out for gathering information regarding the subject topic. Close-ended questions: These types of questions were designed to extract information which are related to the preparation of a realistic forecast: Step 4: Performing the case study and conducting the interview Step 5: Data processing and analysis 6.1 Demand Forecasting Strategy Demand manager receives the sales history of the previous 4/5 years. He observes the trend that every month undergoes. There are some seasonal impacts in the cigarette market. But overall the market is a stable one. Following the trend of previous 4/5 years and considering the marketing activities, the demand manager goes for a rolling forecast over the next 18 months. The term rolling here implies that the forecast is updated every month for the next 18 months. Stable Trend-up Trend-down Figure 2: Trends of Demand By this, the demand manager feels flexible enough to consider any new promotional activity or any assumption from the marketing department and any seasonal impact, which has not been included earlier. The main focus of forecasting is based on the trend. If the trend is decreasing the forecasted sales goes down and vice versa. 6.2. Findings Imported leaf stock: Year end 2008 imported leaf stock was 317 million Taka Average 2008 leaf stock was 334 million Taka (~ 4 months duration) Currently, they are following an inventory policy of maintaining a 90 day safety stock which varies in quantity and value terms over the year with fluctuation in demand. 7. ANALYSIS The assumptions presented in the chapter two have been considered applicable to develop the EOQ for the imported leaf. Considerations: Grade: AN30/104S Demand in Kg/Month: Annual Demand = 152000 Kg Holding Cost = 32 TK/ Kg Ordering Cost = 700 TK (Assumed) EOQ =à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ (2DS/H) = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ ((2*152000*700)/32) =. 75Kgs Kgs 7.1 HOW MUCH TO ORDER The analysis shows that the company should order 2579 kg for the particular grade each time, a quality that should be result in 58.93 cycles per year. Actually, the equation derived doesnt result in actual lot size that must be ordered. This will help to manage lot size and inventory control. The current moves towards the inventory cost and quantities, stress the importance in reducing lot size. That means to reducing lot sizes is to reduce setup time and cost. When smaller lots are run, holding cost is reduced. The point is to understand the logic and where to apply it. The effect on order size resulting from reducing setup cost is shows in the following figure. When the setup cost is reduced, the total cost curve shifts from TC1 to TC2. Correspondingly, the EOQ is reduced from EOQ1 to EOQ2 and the maximum total cost is reduced from TC1min to TC2min.[3] Figure 6: Effect of reduced set up cost on order size and total cost 7.2. Reorder level The order quantity and reorder level are interrelated. A large order quantity causes fewer replenishment cycles with fewer exposures to stockout, so the reorder level can be reduced, and vice versa. Theoretically, we would have to find simultaneous solutions to equations for Q and RL to find their normal values. The value of D, S and H are only estimates, and the value of the EOQ will be approximate whether or not an adjustment is made for the expected stockout cost. Consequently, as often as done, we disregard the interrelationship between Q and RL. We solve for the EOQ, ignoring its effect on stockout cost, and then we find the best reorder level for this value of Q. Assumptions: Highest Service Level Factor corresponding to 99.99% satisfaction level used though recommended maximum level is usually 98%; this results in a more than 50% higher safety stock ii) Safety Stock calculated using standard deviation of actual demand rather than variance between forecast and actual giving higher levels of safety buffer. iii) Lead time taken to be 4 months for all grades whereas actual lead time is considerably less providing greater safety stock to cover variation in demand during lead time. Calculation: RL = L + z Where, RL =Reorder Point in Units, =Average Demand Per Time Period, L = Lead Time,Z = No. of Standard Deviation for a Specified Service Level,= Standard Deviation of Usages during Lead Time Annual Demand =152000 kgs Average Demand/Per Month =12666.66 L= 4 Months Z = 99.99% = à Ã†â€™d = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (di-dà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢) 2/12), in a range from i-1 to 12 =à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ (31066666.66/12) =1609.00 Therefore, = =1609* =3218 From the above calculation RL can be determined as follows: RL = 12666.66 * 4 + 4*3218 =50666.64 + 12872 =63538.64 This says that when the stock on hand gets down to 60610.26 kgs order should be placed. 7.3. Level of Safety Stock Safety stock= =4*3218 =12872 It results to a safety stock of 31 days, as the daily demand is 416.43 kgs. But theoretically it is applicable for the particular grade. Though the other grades do not involve so much variation in their demand, considering some logistic capabilities for the overall improved leaf the proposed safety stock is 50 days. This will allow for flexibility during roll out of new safety stock polling while guarding against unanticipated changes in sales and supply scenarios. The reason for proposing this amount of safety stock is to protect much against the uncertainty of demand. Because there may be a situation that for a sudden change in demands the system may not be flexible enough to meet the change from the calculated safety stock. This is due to demand forecasting that takes place over a long period and the order is placed for a particular month very early of the situation it experiences the change in its demand. So immediately it is not possible for the system to respond the sudden change in demand. For this, proper level of safety stock should be placed in a company for its smooth operation. Another fact is that the lead time from order placement to arrival at warehouse involves some events over which the proper control is not possible. The following section represents the impact of reduction of safety stock and then the analysis of lead time is shown. It is to be mentioned that the more the lead times the more the level of safety stock. Therefor e the lead time calculation is an important factor for the placement of safety stock. 7.4. BENEFITS CALCULATION GRADE: AN30/104S Annual consumption = 152000kgs 90 days safety stock = 38000kgs 50 days safety stock = 21111.11 Therefore, WC Reduction = (38000-21111.11)*165 =2.78 million Taka 7.5. OFFSHORE STOCK COST CALCULATION Reduction in safety stock = 16888.89 kgs This amount of excess stock will be held at supplier premises for a maximum additional period of 12 months. Holding cost at BATB @ 12% = 16888.89ÃÆ'-135.11ÃÆ'-12% =273823 Taka Holding cost at supplier @ 7.2% + Excess Duty =16888.89 ÃÆ'- 135.11 ÃÆ'- 7.2% ÃÆ'- 1.22 =200439 Taka Therefore, Savings =73384 Taka 8. IMPACT OF REDUCED LEVEL OF SAFETY STOCK ON WC Proposed Safety Stock based on lead-time, variability in demand during 2006 and desired service level indicates a substantially lower requirement of safety stock even with very conservative assumptions Using 2007 volumes this would translate to reducing imported leaf stock from an average of 322.60 Million TK. to about 179.18 Million TK. Jan 08 Feb08 Mar 08 Apr 08 May 08 Jun 08 Aug08 9. LEAD TIME ANALYSIS It has been already mentioned that the more the lead time the more the safety stock. Lead time involves the total time from the order placement to arrival at warehouse Figure 7: Supply Lead Time We can develop a pie chart highlighting the time taken on a percentage basis by different events that take place from order placement to arrival at warehouse. Symbols Events Average % A TIME TAKEN BW ORD PLACE PRO INVOICE REC 14.75 7 B TIME TAKEN BW LC REQUIEST 10.93 5 C NO. OF DAYS SPENT B/W LC SHIPMENT DATE 38.90 19 D ARRIVAL IN CTG (ACTUAL SHIPMENT ETA CTG) 35.10 17 E DAYS REQD CTG TO ICD 6.05 3 F DAYS REQD ICD TO WAREHOUSE 8.58 4 Table 1: Lead Time Analysis The pie chart shows that a major part of the time from order placement to arrival at warehouse involves the events C and D over which the control cannot be held so easily. They involve some complex as well as time taking procedures. But in case of the rest of the events different action can be issued very effectively. Figure 8: Events placed on Warehouse (Percentage basis) In addition there are some recommendations for reducing the lead-time in the next chapter. 10. RECOMMENDATION As the analysis shows that the company can reduce the level of safety stock, the first phase of recommendation represents how it can be carried out and the later phase defines the steps, which should be proper monitored and controlled with a view to, maintain an optimized inventory management system. This will enable to obtain an effective safety stock level. Allowing Inventory Policy Exceptions for certain grades to satisfy requirements for blend changes and brain launches. Reviewing and improving the order tracking process as necessary. Monitoring orders, delivery performance and safety stock policy adhere continually. Gradually moving to safety stock of 2.5 months and then to 50 days, with 6 months duration difference. Holding the excess stock at the supplier premises. Locating the inventory at different points in the pipeline rather to hold much in the warehouses. The following steps should be performed in order to implement the recommend actions: Developing operational excellence in demand forecasting so that there will be fewer surprises. Cutting the lead-time to reduce the demand uncertainty during lead time. Reducing the supplier uncertainty. Supplier reliability can be increased by sharing the production plans with them, permitting them to make more realistic forecast. Improving the logistics capability by planning the infrastructure to meet demand, then implementing and controlling the physical flows of material and final goods from points of origin to points of use. 11. CONCLUSION It has been revealed that the traditional inventory management system needs some modification depending on the situation or the operating environment, while inventory is management by a company. The different inventory models provide a different set of capabilities and opportunities to exploit different competitive priorities. Some members of different industries and consulting firms have already started to criticize classical inventory models seem fashionable. But prior to the operating conditions different classical inventory models can be considered as the decision making tools that will enable a company to take its step under conflicting pressure. All the system needs is proper integration of operation and business. This will smooth the flow of information and thereby implementation of such models would be openhanded.

Merchant of Venice Essay examples -- Merchant of Venice Essays

Mercy v. Justice – Old Testament v. New Testament While the conflict between justice and mercy plays a key role in determining the outcome of The Merchant of Venice, this conflict is even more important because it provides a setting for the contrast between the rigid law and rules of the Old Testament and the concepts of mercy and forgiveness as taught by Christ in the New Testament. It is in the climactic trial scene that The Duke, hoping Shylock will excuse Antonio's penalty, asks him, â€Å"How shall thou hope for mercy rend'ring none?† He is referring to expectations of judgment in the afterlife. However, so is Shylock, when he counters, â€Å"What judgment shall I dread doing no wrong?† This exchange perfectly presents this conflict between of the Old Testament and the New, in which the former is seen to emphasize strict obedience as mankind’s obligation to God while the latter stresses God's grace and mercy. The laws and rules of the Old Testament insisted on strict justice, â€Å"An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth† (Exodus 21:23, 24; also see: Leviticus 24:19, 20; and Deuteronomy 19:21) while the New Testament calls for mercy, â€Å"Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy† (Matthew 5:7) said Christ in the Sermon on the Mount. He later added â€Å"Ye have heard that it hath been said, ‘An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth’; but I say unto you, that ye resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also.† (Matthew 5:39). Shakespeare’s version of â€Å"An eye for and eye† is found at the end of Shylock’s great speech in the trial scene of Act IV, â€Å"If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge. The villainy you teach me I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.† His demand for vengeance is made more understandable in this famous speech as he lays open the years of pain and anger caused by the anti-Semitic treatment and abuse from the likes of Antonio and the rest of Venetian society. But, while he is more a victim than a villain, he's not blameless. What turns Shylock into a ruthless avenger is his daughter’s elopement with a Christian and her rejection of the religion of her family. It is this betrayal by his own flesh and blood that renders Shylock seemingly merciless towards ... ...s and forgiving herself. One of the great ironies of this play happens when Shylock calls Portia, "A Daniel come to judgment, yea, a Daniel!" Daniel was the Old Testament judge of Susanna, a woman accused of being unchaste by the elders. The story is pointed because Daniel rules in Susanna's favor, thus rescuing her from her fate. After freeing her, he then in turn convicts the elders. Shylock's mistake is that while he is right in calling Portia a Daniel, he fails to recognize that he is the one who represents the elders and Antonio is the rescued Susanna. In the end, Shylock is prevented from cutting a pound of Antonio’s flesh from very near the merchant’s heart, but in a sense it is the Christians who cut Shylock’s heart out of his body without shedding a drop of his blood. While the Christians preach mercy when Antonio is at risk, the Christian court is happy to opt for Old Testament vengeance itself in exacting a punishment which leaves Shylock feeling that he might as well be dead-- â€Å"Nay, take my life and all, pardon not that, You take my house, when you do take the prop / That doth sustain my house: you take my life / When you do take the means whereby I live.† Merchant of Venice Essay examples -- Merchant of Venice Essays Mercy v. Justice – Old Testament v. New Testament While the conflict between justice and mercy plays a key role in determining the outcome of The Merchant of Venice, this conflict is even more important because it provides a setting for the contrast between the rigid law and rules of the Old Testament and the concepts of mercy and forgiveness as taught by Christ in the New Testament. It is in the climactic trial scene that The Duke, hoping Shylock will excuse Antonio's penalty, asks him, â€Å"How shall thou hope for mercy rend'ring none?† He is referring to expectations of judgment in the afterlife. However, so is Shylock, when he counters, â€Å"What judgment shall I dread doing no wrong?† This exchange perfectly presents this conflict between of the Old Testament and the New, in which the former is seen to emphasize strict obedience as mankind’s obligation to God while the latter stresses God's grace and mercy. The laws and rules of the Old Testament insisted on strict justice, â€Å"An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth† (Exodus 21:23, 24; also see: Leviticus 24:19, 20; and Deuteronomy 19:21) while the New Testament calls for mercy, â€Å"Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy† (Matthew 5:7) said Christ in the Sermon on the Mount. He later added â€Å"Ye have heard that it hath been said, ‘An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth’; but I say unto you, that ye resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also.† (Matthew 5:39). Shakespeare’s version of â€Å"An eye for and eye† is found at the end of Shylock’s great speech in the trial scene of Act IV, â€Å"If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge. The villainy you teach me I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.† His demand for vengeance is made more understandable in this famous speech as he lays open the years of pain and anger caused by the anti-Semitic treatment and abuse from the likes of Antonio and the rest of Venetian society. But, while he is more a victim than a villain, he's not blameless. What turns Shylock into a ruthless avenger is his daughter’s elopement with a Christian and her rejection of the religion of her family. It is this betrayal by his own flesh and blood that renders Shylock seemingly merciless towards ... ...s and forgiving herself. One of the great ironies of this play happens when Shylock calls Portia, "A Daniel come to judgment, yea, a Daniel!" Daniel was the Old Testament judge of Susanna, a woman accused of being unchaste by the elders. The story is pointed because Daniel rules in Susanna's favor, thus rescuing her from her fate. After freeing her, he then in turn convicts the elders. Shylock's mistake is that while he is right in calling Portia a Daniel, he fails to recognize that he is the one who represents the elders and Antonio is the rescued Susanna. In the end, Shylock is prevented from cutting a pound of Antonio’s flesh from very near the merchant’s heart, but in a sense it is the Christians who cut Shylock’s heart out of his body without shedding a drop of his blood. While the Christians preach mercy when Antonio is at risk, the Christian court is happy to opt for Old Testament vengeance itself in exacting a punishment which leaves Shylock feeling that he might as well be dead-- â€Å"Nay, take my life and all, pardon not that, You take my house, when you do take the prop / That doth sustain my house: you take my life / When you do take the means whereby I live.†